403. Read, indicate homogeneous members and explain the placement of punctuation marks with them. Draw diagrams of the 2nd and 4th sentences.

1) Autumn warned of its arrival either with a dry leaf, accidentally forgotten on a bench, or with a small green caterpillar descending on a web right on my head. (Paust.) 2) In the evening the wind howled in the chimneys, hummed among the trees, and disturbed the forest with a threatening whistle. (N.O.) 3) From the centuries-old gardens, waves of coolness, the damp breath of young grass, and the sound of recently blossoming leaves poured into the streets. (Paust.) 4) The ocean seems to have frozen and roars quietly and tenderly.

§ 72. Punctuation between homogeneous members

Use of a comma

A comma is placed	Classes are not given
1. Between two or more homogeneous members not united by unions: The sounds grew, grew stronger, became fuller, became more and more powerful, capturing the hearts of the united and frozen crowd. (Cor.)	1. Between homogeneous members connected by a single connecting or dividing union (and, yes(s), or. or): 1) The boat rocked, rose and disappeared. (Cor.); 2) One day Swan, Cancer and Pike began to carry a cart with luggage. (Kr.)
2. Between homogeneous members connected by repeating connecting or dividing conjunctions ( and... and. neither... nor, yes... yes, or... or. either... or, then... then, not that... not that): 1) Both the shore and the sea were silent. (Cor.); 2) In the familiar sakla the light flickered and then went out again. (L.)	2. Within groups of homogeneous members connected in pairs: Children collected medicinal herbs and berries, mushrooms and nuts in the forest.
3. Between homogeneous members connected by adversarial unions A, But, yes (=but): 1) He [the child] was thin and weak, but he walked and even ran freely throughout the house. (Cor.); 2) He grumbled, but did not dare to disobey. (Cor.)	3. In integral expressions with repeated conjunctions: and this and that, neither this nor that, neither light nor dawn, and this way and that, and here and there, and cold and hunger, neither fish nor meat, neither day nor night . neither give nor take, neither back nor forth etc.: 1) The next day, before dawn, Lisa had already woken up. (P.); 2) Ivan Nikiforovich was neither alive nor dead. (G.)
4. Before the second part of a double conjunction connecting homogeneous members (How ... so and so. Not only ... but also): Pushkin created wonderful realistic works both (not only) in poetry and (but also) in prose.
Notes: 1. Instead of a comma, a semicolon can be used to separate common homogeneous members, especially if they already have commas inside them: Lavretsky defended the youth and independence of Russia; He sacrificed himself, his generation, but stood up for new people, for their beliefs and desires. (T.) 2. If there are more than two homogeneous members in a sentence, and the conjunction (and. yes. or) does not stand before each of them, but at least before only two, then a comma is placed between all homogeneous members, including before the first and (yes. or): Tatyana believed the legends of the common people of old times. and dreams, and card fortune-telling, and moon predictions. (P.)

Using colons and dashes

The colon is placed	A dash is placed
1. After a generalizing word, before homogeneous members: Nothing was noticeable to enliven the picture: no doors opening, no people coming out from anywhere, no living troubles and worries at home. (G.) Sometimes after a generalizing word in such cases conjunctions are used somehow „ namely. introductory word For example etc.; then a comma is placed after the generalizing word, and a colon is used after these conjunctions or words: Among the dishes they bring are many clay and glass toys, such as ducks, geese, pipes and sprinklers. (Ax.)	1. After homogeneous members, before the generalizing word: The table, armchairs, chairs - everything was of the heaviest and most restless quality. (G.)
2. Before listing homogeneous members and without a generalizing word, mainly in business and scientific speech: The meeting decides: 1) approve the work of the audit commission: 2) express gratitude to the members of the commission.	2. After homogeneous members of a sentence, if they are already preceded by a generalizing word (and a colon), and the sentence does not end with these homogeneous members: Everywhere: above and below - the larks sang. (Ch.)

404. Copy it using missing punctuation marks. Explain (orally) their use.

I. 1) Raisky glanced at the Volga and forgot everything... (Gonch.) 2) Both the grove and the beautiful facade of the house were reflected in the flood lake. (A.N.T.) 3) I don’t see either a blue sky or a blue sea. The cold noise and salty splashes are my sphere for now! (Gonch.) 4) I fall asleep, then I wake up and open my eyes. (Prishv.) 5) Once upon a time there were a great many white and blue foxes on the island. (Prishv.) 6) Frost lay for a long time on the slopes of the roofs and at the well and on the balcony railings and on the foliage. (A.N.T.) 7) The cheeks are rosy and full and dark. (N.) 8) She [the monkey] was tied with a thin chain to one of the benches on the deck and rushed about and squeaked pitifully like a bird. (T.) 9) The snowstorm turns, throws snow and whistles and bursts into a terrible howl. (V.Sh.) 10) Her [Vari] gray eyes were red, either from insomnia or from tears. (Step.) 11) Now he was working on growing fast-growing trees from our domestic species, willow, pine, spruce. (Paust.) 12) Now neither mountains nor sky nor earth were visible. (Ars.) 13) In its [taiga] boundless wilds, the harsh northerners larch and dove lived in close proximity to the gentle children of the south, the velvet tree and vineyard. (V. Azh.) 14) Other factors such as winds, temperature differences between day and night, summer and winter, sea spray, etc. play a secondary role. (Ars.) 15) Work was in full swing everywhere, both above and below. The clatter of axes and hammers, the screeching of saws and planes, the clang and roar was heard everywhere. (Stan.) 16) The ocean seems to have frozen and roars quietly and tenderly. (Stan.) 17) Only the owner and Sergei Nikolaevich and Vladimir Petrovich remained in the room. (T.)

II. 1) My grandmother suggested that my mother choose one of two rooms, a hall or a living room, for her room. (Ax.) 2) In the grass, in the dogwood and wild rose bushes in the vineyards and on the trees, cicadas were pouring everywhere. (Cupr.) 3) The dance ensemble’s performances were a great success both in our country and abroad. (Gas.) 4) A white, even pale face, dark hair, a velvety black gaze and long eyelashes—that’s all that caught his eye and blinded him. (Hound.) 5) The upper eyelids hung somewhat over the eyes, which is so often observed among artists, hunters, sailors, in a word, among people with concentrated vision. (Cupr.) 6) He spent whole days resolving ordinary but necessary economic issues, checking reports compiled by the accountant and countless reports, listening to foreman reports at production meetings, in a word, everything without which the existence of a large collective farm is unthinkable and what was least satisfying in the work Davydova. (Shol.) 7) Pushkin Hills... This region where everything is sky and groves and grass and the wind itself breathes Pushkin should reveal to everyone the amazing world of the great poet, a world that makes a person spiritually richer. (Gas.)

405. Copy, adding missing punctuation marks, and explain (orally) their use. Underline generalizing words.

1) I liked his [Onegin’s] features of dreams: involuntary devotion, inimitable strangeness and sharp, chilled mind. 2) They [Onegin and Lensky] agreed: wave and stone, poetry and prose, ice and fire are not so different from each other. 3) Between them, everything gave rise to disputes and attracted the tribes of past treaties to reflection, the fruits of science, good and evil, and age-old prejudices and fatal mysteries. 4) She [Tatyana] liked novels early; they replaced everything for her; she fell in love with the deceptions of both Richardson and Rousseau. 5) Tatyana (Russian in soul, without knowing why) with her cold beauty loved the Russian winter in the sun, frost on a frosty day and the sleigh and late dawn, the glow of pink snow and the darkness of Epiphany evenings. 6) The moon shone and with a languid light illuminated Tatiana’s pale beauty and loose hair and drops of tears. 7) Her walks last a while. Now either a hill or a stream involuntarily stops Tatyana with their charm. 8) I'm sorry. Whatever you are looking for here after me in the stanzas of careless memories or rebellious respite from the labors of living pictures or sharp words or grammatical errors, God grant that in this book you could find even a grain for entertainment, for dreams, for the heart, for magazine collisions. For this we will part, sorry.

(A. Pushkin)

406. Write down, replacing a repeating or single conjunction And union both... and or not only but.

1) Our school team won the championship in both chess and checkers. 2) New records were set for both the long jump and high jump. 3) Competitions were held in both athletics and swimming. 4) Both boys and girls took part in cross-country skiing. 5) The plant has achieved great success in increasing production output and reducing costs.

407. Write it down using punctuation marks. Underline homogeneous members with one line, generalizing words with two, unions between homogeneous members with a wavy line.

1) Ivan Ivanovich is thin and tall; Ivan Nikiforovich is a little lower, but extends in thickness. (G.) 2) On the shelves in the corners there were jugs, bottles and flasks of green and blue glass, various silver goblets, gilded glasses of all kinds made in the Venetian Turkish style. (G.) 3) Everything gave him [Taras] an advantage over others and advanced years and experience and the ability to move his army and the strongest hatred of enemies. (G.) 4) The old at..man bent down and began...to throw away his cradle with tobacco in the grass, an inseparable companion...on the seas and on land and on campaigns and at home. (G.) 5) The techniques and customs of a significant person were respectable and majestic, but not complicated. (G.) 6) All this noise and talk and the crowd of people, all this was somehow wonderful to Akaki Akakievich. (G.) 7) He didn’t feel his arms or legs. 8) Some kind of smoky blue silvery-soft light or fog poured over me from all sides. (T.) 9) I catch the joy of life in everything in the starry sky in flowers and aromas. (Boon.) 10) The quiet twilight hour, the rustling of the trees and the incessant ringing of water, all this set the mood in a special way. (Cor.) 11) At this time of year, the large fish somehow no longer took the ide, chub and tench. (Ax.) 12) Both mother and son were so absorbed in their occupation that they did not notice Maxim’s arrival. (Cor.) 13) All the officers and sailors were at the top and eagerly peered into the depths of the bay. (Stan.) 14) The sea is eternally and incessantly noisy and splashing. (Gonch.)

408. Copy by inserting missing letters, missing punctuation marks, opening parentheses. Indicate the means of communication between sentences in the text.

The depth of understanding of the human soul, the aphoristic style, grace and plasticity - all this applies to Akhmatova’s prose, notes, essays, diary entries, series, articles about Pushkin, reflections on poets (contemporaries), observations on the nature of poetic creativity. All this has independent meaning and is read(?) with the same interest as poetic works, forming one whole with them. And you are convinced (?) behind everything that Akhmatova’s hand touched is her personality (?) full of greatness, femininity, courage, beauty. (According to L. Ozerov)

409. Copy by inserting missing letters and missing punctuation marks. Read the last sentence. Do you agree with the author's opinion? Give reasons for your answer.

For a long time there was an opinion about the intimacy of Akhmatova’s poetry, about its intimacy.. about the limitations.. of her world, which was called “indoor”. In truth, A. Akhmatova herself gave reason for this kind of judgment

Akhmatova polemically separated the “voice of man” from herself and thereby blamed herself in vain...well. In vain! Over the years, the “voice of man” and humanity sounded in her poetry... more and more clearly, more and more convincingly. She kept hearing the voice of sadness, joy, anxiety, worries, thoughts, and sorrow. The voice of the human soul itself.

And after the revolution... she did not abandon the circle of her images of nature love being death culture. But underneath them, at their core, was already the life of our society and the world as a whole. The personality of the poet who was willing to tell the whole world about his lost... heart about his love... acquires the character of universality... and historical significance if we really have a poet before us... Lyrics of a great personality always - early or late(?) but - acquires the character of universality. (According to L. Ozerov)

Homogeneous members of the sentence (main and secondary), not connected by conjunctions, are separated commas : In the office there were brown velvetarmchairs , bookishcabinet (Eb.); After lunch hesat on the balcony,held a book on my lap(Boon.); Cold, emptiness, uninhabited spirit meets the house(Sol.); Blooming aheadcherries, rowan, dandelions, rose hips, lilies of the valley … (Sol.); Only silence remainswater, thickets, centuries-old willows (Paust.); Shcherbatova toldabout his childhood, about the Dnieper, about how dried up old willows came to life in the spring on their estate(Paust.).

If the last member of a series is joined by unions and, yes, or , then the comma is not placed in front of it: He[wind] bringscoldness, clarity and a certain emptiness of the whole body(Paust.); Dense, tall thickets stretch for kilometerschamomile, chicory, clover, wild dill, cloves, coltsfoot, dandelions, gentians, plantains, bluebells, buttercups and dozens of other flowering herbs (Paust.).

§26

Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by repeating conjunctions, if there are more than two ( and... and... and, yes... yes... yes, neither... nor... neither, or... or... or, whether... whether... whether, whether... or... or, either... or... or, then... then... that, not that ... not that ... not that, or ... or ... or ), separated by commas: It was sadAnd in the spring air,And in the darkening skyAnd in the wagon(Ch.); Did not haveneither stormy wordsneither passionate confessions,neither oaths(Paust.); After separation from Lermontov, she[Shcherbatova] couldn't watchneither to the steppe,neither on people,neither to passing villages and towns(Paust.); You could see her every dayThat with a can,That with a bag andThat and with a bag and a can together -or in the oil shop,or On the market,or in front of the house gate,or on the stairs(Bulg.).

In the absence of a union And before the first of the listed members of the sentence, the rule is observed: if there are more than two homogeneous members of the sentence and the conjunction And repeated at least twice a comma is placed between all homogeneous members (including before the first And ): They brought a bouquet of thistles and placed it on the table, and here in front of mefire, and turmoil, and crimson round dance of lights (Sick.); And today the poet’s rhyme -weasel, and slogan, and bayonet, and whip (M.).

When repeating the conjunction twice And (if the number of homogeneous members is two) a comma is placed in the presence of a generalizing word with homogeneous members of the sentence: All Reminds me of autumn:and yellow leaves and fogs in the morning ; the same without a generalizing word, but in the presence of dependent words with homogeneous terms: Now it was possible to hear separatelyand the sound of rain and the sound of water (Bulg.). However, in the absence of the specified conditions, with homogeneous members of the sentence forming a close semantic unity, the comma may not be placed: It was all aroundboth light and green (T.); Day and night the scientist cat keeps walking around the chain(P.).

When repeating other conjunctions twice, except And , a comma is always used : Constantly prick my eyes with gypsy lifeeither stupid or ruthless (A. Ost.); He was ready to believe that he had arrived here at the wrong time -or too late,or early(Spread); ladynot that barefoot,not that in some transparent... shoes(Bulg.); All day goes byor snow,or rain with snow. They[lamp] just highlightedThat walls of the cave hall,That the most beautiful stalagmite(Sol.); Earlywhether , latewhether , but I'll come .

Note 1. There is no comma in integral phraseological combinations with repeated conjunctions and... and, neither... nor(they connect words with opposing meanings): and day and night, and old and young, and laughter and grief, and here and there, and this and that, and here and there, neither two nor one and a half, neither give nor take, neither matchmaker nor brother, neither back nor forth, neither bottom nor tire, neither this nor that, neither stand nor sit, neither alive nor dead, neither yes nor no, neither hearing nor spirit, neither oneself nor people, neither fish nor meat, nor this nor that, neither peahen nor crow, neither shaky nor shaky, neither this nor that etc. The same with paired combinations of words, when there is no third option: and husband and wife, and earth and sky . Note 2. Unions either... or are not always repetitive. Yes, in a sentence And you can’t understand whether Matvey Karev is laughing at his words or at the way the students are looking into his mouth(Fed.) Union whether introduces an explanatory clause, and the conjunction or connects homogeneous members. Wed. unions either... or as repeating: Goingwhether rain,or the sun is shining - he doesn’t care; Seeswhether he is,or does not see(G.).

§27

Homogeneous members of a sentence connected by single connecting or disjunctive conjunctions ( and, yes in meaning " And »; or, or ) not separated by commas : Motor shipgot up across the riverand gave turn it downstream, along the way(Spread); Day and night - a day away(ate.); Will support he is Uzdechkinaor won't support ? (Pan.).

If there is an adversarial union between homogeneous members ( ah, but, yes in meaning " But », however, although, but, however ) and connecting ( and also, and even ) a comma is placed : The secretary stopped taking notes and secretly cast a surprised glance,but not against the arrested person, but against the procurator (Bulg.); The child washarsh but sweet (P.); A capable studentlazy though ; He visited the library on Fridayshowever not always ; Mokeevna had already taken the wicker basket out of the house,however stopped – I decided to look for apples(Shcherb.); The apartment is small,but cozy (gas.); She knows Germanand French .

§28

When connecting homogeneous members of a sentence in pairs, a comma is placed between the pairs (conjunction And valid only within groups): Alleys plantedlilacs and lindens, elms and poplars , led to the wooden stage(Fed.); The songs were different:about joy and sorrow, the day past and the day to come (Gaych.); Geography books and tourist guides, friends and casual acquaintances they told us that Ropotamo is one of the most beautiful and wild corners of Bulgaria(Sol.).

Note. In sentences with homogeneous members, it is possible to use the same conjunctions on different grounds (between different members of the sentence or their groups). In this case, when placing punctuation marks, different positions of conjunctions are taken into account. For example: ...Everywhere she was greeted cheerfullyAnd friendlyAnd assured her that she was good, sweet, rare(Ch.) – in this sentence there are conjunctions And not repeating, but single, connecting pairs of two homogeneous members of a sentence ( fun and friendly; met and assured). In the example: No one else disturbed the silence of the ductsAnd rivers, did not pick off cold river lilies with a spinnerAnd did not admire out loud what is best to admire without words(Paust.) – first And connects words dependent silence word forms channels and rivers, the second and closes the series of predicates (did not violate, did not break off and did not admire).

Homogeneous members of a sentence, united in pairs, can be included in other, larger groups, which in turn have unions. Commas in such groups are placed taking into account the entire complex unity as a whole, for example, the contrastive relations between groups of homogeneous members of the sentence are taken into account: Father Christopher, holding a wide-brimmed top hat, to someonebowed and smiled not softly and touchingly , As always,but respectfully and tensely (Ch.). The different levels of connecting relationships are also taken into account. For example: In them[bench] you will find calico for shrouds and tar, candy and borax for exterminating cockroaches(M.G.) – here, on the one hand, word forms are combined calico and tar, candy and borax, and on the other hand, these groups, already with the rights of single members, are united by a repeating union And . Wed. option without pairwise association (with separate registration of homogeneous members):... You will find calico for shrouds, tar, candy, and borax for exterminating cockroaches .

§29

With homogeneous members of a sentence, in addition to single or repeating conjunctions, double (comparative) conjunctions can be used, which are divided into two parts, each located under each member of the sentence: both... and, not only... but also, not so much... as, as much... as much, although and... but, if not... then, not that... but, not that... but, not only not... but rather... how etc. A comma is always placed before the second part of such conjunctions: I have an errandHow from the judgeSo equalsAnd from all our friends(G.); Green was Not only a magnificent landscape painter and master of plot,But It was stillAnd a very subtle psychologist(Paust.); They say that in summer Sozopol is flooded with holidaymakers, that isNot really holidaymakers,A vacationers who came to spend their holidays near the Black Sea(Sol.); Mothernot really angry,But I was still unhappy(Kav.); There are fogs in Londonif not every day,That every other day for sure(Gonch.); He wasnot so much disappointed,How many surprised by the current situation(gas.); He wasquicker annoyedhow saddened(magazine).

§thirty

Between homogeneous members of a sentence (or their groups) can be placed semicolon .

1. If they include introductory words: It turns out that there are subtleties. There must be a fireFirstly , smokeless;Secondly , not very hot;and thirdly , in complete calm(Sol.).

2. If homogeneous members are common (have dependent words or subordinate clauses related to them): He was respectedbehind its excellent, aristocraticmanners , for the rumors about his victories;for that that he dressed beautifully and always stayed in the best room of the best hotel;for that that he generally dined well, and once even dined with Wellington at Louis Philippe’s;for that that he carried with him everywhere a real silver travel bag and a camp bathtub;for that that he smelled of some extraordinary, surprisingly “noble” perfume;for that that he played whist masterfully and always lost...(T.)

§31

Between homogeneous members of the sentence it is placed dash: a) when omitting an adversative conjunction: People's knowledge of laws is not desirable - it is mandatory(gas.); A tragic voice, no longer flying, no longer ringing - deep, chesty, “Mkhatovsky”(gas.); b) in the presence of a conjunction to denote a sharp and unexpected transition from one action or state to another: Then Alexey clenched his teeth, closed his eyes, pulled the boots with all his might with both hands - and immediately lost consciousness(B.P.); ...I always wanted to live in the city - and now I’m ending my life in the village(Ch.).

§32

Homogeneous members of a sentence and their various combinations are separated when dividing a sentence (parcelation) dots(see § 9): And then there were long hot months, the wind from the low mountains near Stavropol, smelling of immortelle, the silver crown of the Caucasus Mountains, fights near forest rubble with Chechens, the screech of bullets.Pyatigorsk , strangers with whom you had to treat yourself as friends.And again fleeting Petersburg and the Caucasus , the yellow peaks of Dagestan and the same beloved and saving Pyatigorsk.Short rest , broad ideas and poems, light and soaring to the sky, like clouds over the tops of mountains.And a duel (Paust.).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous members of a sentence with generalizing words

§33

If a generalizing word precedes a series of homogeneous members, then after the generalizing word is placed colon : An ice fisherman happensdifferent : retired fisherman, worker fisherman, military fisherman, minister fisherman, so to speak, statesman, intellectual fisherman(Sol.); In this story you will find almosteverything I mentioned above : dry oak leaves, a gray-haired astronomer, the roar of cannonade, Cervantes, people who unshakably believe in the victory of humanism, a mountain shepherd dog, a night flight and much more(Paust.).

With generalizing words there may be clarifying words like, for example, like that, namely , preceded by a comma and followed by a colon. Words like for example, like that are used to explain previous words, words namely – to indicate the exhaustive nature of the subsequent listing: Many enterprises and services operate around the clock,such as : communications, ambulance, hospitals; Introductory words can express an emotional assessment of what is being communicated,For example : fortunately, to surprise, to joy, etc.(from the textbook); Katya... examined the barn, finding there, in addition to the cylinder and tiles, a lot of useful things,something like that : two low green benches, garden table, hammock, shovels, rakes(Step.); Everyone came to the meetingnamely : teachers, students and staff of the institute. After clarifying words such as (with a comparative connotation of meaning) the colon is not placed: Flowers are the first to bloom after winter,such as crocuses, tulips(gas.).

§34

A generalizing word that comes after homogeneous members is separated from them by the sign dash : Handrails, compasses, binoculars, all sorts of instruments and even high thresholds of cabins -all this it was copper(Paust.); And these trips, and our conversations with her -All was imbued with aching, hopeless melancholy(Beck.).

If there is an introductory word before a generalizing word, separated from homogeneous members by a dash, then the comma before the introductory word is omitted: In the lobby, in the corridor, in the offices -in a word , there were crowds of people everywhere(Pop.),

§35

Dash is placed after the listing of homogeneous members, if the sentence does not end with the listing: Everywhere : in the club, on the streets, on benches at the gate, in houses - noisy conversations took place(Garsh.).

If there are two generalizing words - before and after homogeneous members - both indicated punctuation marks are placed: a colon (before the listing) and a dash (after it): All : a carriage driving quickly down the street, a reminder of an insult, a girl’s question about a dress that needs to be prepared; even worse, the word of insincere, weak participation -All painfully irritated the wound, seemed like an insult(L.T.). The same with the common generalizing word: In a few minutes he could drawanything : human figure, animals, trees, buildings –All he came out characteristically and lively(Beck.).

§36

Homogeneous members of the sentence, located in the middle of the sentence and having the meaning of a passing comment, are highlighted dash on both sides: Anything that could muffle the sounds -carpets, curtains and upholstered furniture – Grig left the house a long time ago(Paust.); Everyone -and the Motherland, and both Lychkovs, and Volodka – I remember white horses, little ponies, fireworks, a boat with lanterns(Ch.).

Note. It is acceptable to use generalizing words in all positions in modern printing practice dash, including - before the listing (in place of the traditional colon): Mass production will be organized in the new workshopproducts for mechanical engineering – bushings, cups, gear meshes(gas.); Good kayakersthere were only three – Igor, Shulyaev, Kolya Koryakin and, of course, Andrei Mikhailovich himself(Tendr.); LoveAll - and dew, and fog, and ducks, all other birds and animals(Tendr.); If itsomething stood out from others - talent, intelligence, beauty... But Duke really didn’t have anything like that(Current.); Everything, everything I heard the singing of evening grass, and the speech of water, and the dead cry of stone(Sick.); All then his mind was agitated - meadows, fields, forests, and groves, in the “chapel of an old storm the noise, the old woman’s wonderful legend”(Gaych.); He hung it on the wallyour precious collection – knives, sabers, saber, dagger(Shcherb.). Wed. the same with K. Paustovsky, B. Pasternak: After him[rain] begin to climb violentlymushrooms – sticky boletus, yellow chanterelles, boletus, ruddy saffron milk caps, honey mushrooms and countless toadstools(Paust.); By noon, a distantheap Baku – gray mountains, gray sky, gray houses covered with patches of bright, but also gray sunny color(Paust.); I had the chance and happiness to know many elderspoets who lived in Moscow , – Bryusov, Andrey Bely, Khodasevich, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Baltrushaitis(B. Past.).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous definitions

§37

Homogeneous definitions, expressed by adjectives and participles and standing before the word being defined, are separated from each other comma, heterogeneous - are not separated (for an exception, see § 41).

Note 1. The difference between homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions is as follows: a) each of the homogeneous definitions relates directly to the word being defined; b) the first definition from a pair of heterogeneous ones refers to the subsequent phrase. Wed: Red, green the lights replaced each other(T. Tolstoy) – red lights and green lights; Soon the chimneys of the factories here will begin to smoke,strong iron paths on the site of the old road(Bun.) – strong → iron tracks. It is possible to insert a conjunction between homogeneous definitions And , between heterogeneous ones is impossible. Wed: The glass is coldly playing with multi-colored lights, as ifsmall precious stones(Boon.). – The hallway is cold, like a senets, and it smellsdamp, frozen bark of firewood...(Boon.). In the first case, a conjunction cannot be inserted ( small precious stones), in the second – perhaps ( damp and frozen bark). Note 2. Definitions expressed by a combination of qualitative and relative adjectives are often heterogeneous: Her[siren] muffled the soundsbeautiful string orchestra(Boon.). Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives of different semantic groups can also be perceived as heterogeneous: They began to fall to the groundcold large drops(M.G.).

1. The definitions denoting are homogeneous signs of different objects : A talented student who spoke five languages ​​and felt at homeFrench, Spanish, German literature at home, he boldly used his knowledge(Kav.).

Definitions that express similar characteristics of one subject are homogeneous, i.e. they characterize the subject On the one side : It wasboring, tedious day(Kav.); The train moved slowly and unevenly, supportingold, creaky railway carriage(Spread); Heavy, damp the wall of the pine forest does not move, is silent(Lip.); Lena got her a jobspacious, empty room(Kav.); At first winter swung reluctantly, as last year, then it burst in unexpectedly, withharsh, cold by the wind(Kav.). The similarity of features can appear on the basis of some convergence of values, for example, along the line of assessment: And at this momentreserved, soft, polite Zoshchenko suddenly said to me with irritation: “You can’t get into literature by pushing elbows.”(Kav.); based on the unity of sensations conveyed by definitions (touch, taste, etc.): INclear, warm morning, at the end of May, in Obruchanovo they brought two horses to the local blacksmith Rodion Petrov(Ch.); Bliss wascool, fresh, tasty water gently rolling off your shoulders(Kav.).

Similarity of features may arise among adjectives used in a figurative meaning: I shook the one handed to mebig, callous hand(Shol.); Cruel, cold spring kills engorged buds(Ahm.); In heartdark, stuffy hop(Ahm.). The homogeneity of definitions is emphasized by the addition of one of them by a coordinating conjunction And : In them[songs] dominatedheavy, sad and hopeless notes(M.G.); Suchmiserable, drab and deceitful siskin(M.G.); Tired, tanned and dusty their faces were exactly the color of the brown rags of the moon's wing(M.G.).

2. Adjective definitions that characterize an object or phenomenon with various sides: Large glass the doors were wide open(Kav.) – designation of size and material; Former Eliseevskaya the dining room was decorated with frescoes(Kav.) – designation of a temporary sign and sign of belonging; Thick rough the notebook in which I wrote down plans and rough sketches was placed at the bottom of the suitcase(Kav.) – designation of size and purpose; Found in my archiveyellow school girl notebook written in fluent handwriting(Kav.) – designation of color and purpose; The forests, lit obliquely by the sun, seemed to him like piles oflight copper ore(Paust.) – designation of weight and material; Our famous and brave traveler Karelin gave me very detailed information about Kara-Bugaz.unflattering written certification(Paust.) – designation of assessment and form; The foreman served teaviscous cherry jam(Paust.) – designation of property and material; Enoughhigh antique earthenware the lamp burned softly under a pink lampshade(Bun.) – designation of quantity, temporary characteristic and material.

§38

Adjective adjectives can be combined with participial phrases. The placement of the comma in this case depends on the location of the participial phrase, which sometimes acts as a homogeneous member of the sentence with the adjective definition, sometimes as a heterogeneous one.

If the participial phrase comes after the adjective definition and before the word being defined (i.e., breaks the direct connection between the adjective and the noun), then a comma is placed between the definitions: Evenold, covered with gray lichens the tree branches whispered about days gone by(M.G.); No, they don't only cry in their sleepelderly, gray during the war years men(Shol); Small, dry in places in summer rivulet<…>spilled over a kilometer(Shol.); Standing, lost in the air the smell of flowers was nailed motionless by the heat to the flower beds(B. Past.).

If the participial phrase comes before the adjective definition and refers to the next combination of the adjective definition and the word being defined, then a comma is not placed between them: Each time she appeared and drowned again in pitch darknessthe steppe crouched against the wide beams village(Paust.); Sergey sawwhite floating in the air notebook sheets(Sparrow).

§39

A comma is placed when combining agreed and inconsistent definitions (the inconsistent definition is placed after the agreed one): Meanwhile insquat, with brown walls In the winter quarters of the Klyushins, a slightly angled seven-line lamp actually burned(White); She took it off the tablethick, with fringe tablecloth and laid another white one(P. Neil.).

However, the comma not placed, if the combination of an agreed and inconsistent definition denotes a single characteristic: White checkered tablecloth; she was wearingblue polka dot skirt .

§40

Definitions following the word being defined are usually homogeneous and are therefore separated by commas: Wordpompous, false, bookish had a drastic effect on him(Boon.). Each of these definitions is directly related to the word being defined and has an independent logical emphasis.

§41

Heterogeneous definitions are separated by a comma only if the second of them explains the first, revealing its content (it is possible to insert words, that is, namely): He... carefully walked along the shiny wire withnew, fresh feeling of delight(Gran.) – here new Means " fresh"; without a comma, that is, when explanatory relations are removed, a different meaning will appear: there was a “fresh feeling of delight” and a new one appeared (a new fresh feeling, but: a new, fresh feeling); – Shelter an orphan, - enteredthird, new voice(M.G.) – definition new explains the definition third; Nature has no more talented or less talented works. They can only be divided into bothours, human points of view(Sol.). Wed: In the holiday village appearednew brick Houses(others were added to the existing brick houses). – In the holiday village appearednew, brick Houses(before this there were no brick houses).

Punctuation marks for homogeneous applications

§42

Applications (definitions expressed by nouns), not connected by conjunctions, can be homogeneous and heterogeneous.

Applications that appear before the word being defined and denote similar features of an object, characterizing it on the one hand, are homogeneous. They are separated by commas: Hero of Socialist Labor, People's Artist of the USSR E. N. Gogoleva– honorary titles; World Cup winner, European champion NN– sports titles.

Applications denoting different features of an object, characterizing it from different sides, are not homogeneous. They are not separated by commas: First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation, Army General NN– position and military rank; chief designer of the design institute for construction mechanical engineering for precast reinforced concrete, engineer NN– position and profession; General Director of the production association Candidate of Technical Sciences NN– position and academic degree.

When combining homogeneous and heterogeneous applications, punctuation marks are placed accordingly: Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, two-time World Cup winner, student of the NN Institute of Physical Education .

§43

Applications that appear after the word being defined, regardless of the meaning they convey, are separated by commas and must be highlighted (see § 61): Lyudmila Pakhomova, Honored Master of Sports, Olympic champion, world champion, multiple European champion, coach; N.V. Nikitin, Doctor of Technical Sciences, laureate of the Lenin Prize and the USSR State Prize, author of the Ostankino television tower project; V.V. Tereshkova, pilot-cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union; D. S. Likhachev, literary critic and public figure, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor, chairman of the board of the Russian Cultural Foundation, laureate of the State Prize; A. I. Solzhenitsyn, writer, publicist, Nobel Prize laureate .

Punctuation marks for repeating sentence parts

§44

Between repeating members of a sentence is placed busy. For example, repetition emphasizes the duration of an action: I'm going, I'm going in an open field; bell ding-ding-ding...(P.); We sailed, we sailed wind-blown clouds in the dark blue depths(Shol.); indicates a large number of objects or phenomena: Along the Smolensk road -forests, forests, forests . Along the Smolensk road -pillars, pillars, pillars (OK.); denotes a high degree of attribute, quality, feeling, and each of the words repeated in this case has a logical emphasis: Scary, scary reluctantly among the unknown plains(P.); The sky was nowgray, gray (Sol.); Why are you walking, my son?lonely, lonely ? (OK.); emphasizes the categorical nature of the statement: Now... all I live iswork work … (Am.).

Note 1. For the use of hyphens in repetitions, see “Spelling”, § 118, paragraph 1. Note 2. On the repetition of prepositional combinations with forms of pronominal words ( in what in what, with whom with whom) see “Spelling”, § 155, paragraph b. Note 3. There is no comma if repeating terms with particles Not or So between them they form a single semantic whole with the meaning of an underlined statement, agreement, or express the meaning of uncertainty: NoSo No; DriveSo drive; Valeria looked at me again and said nothing: tomorrowSo Tomorrow(Sol.); Everything is at hand in our village: a forestSo forest, riverSo river(Sol.); RainNot rain, you won't understand. The same when expressing the meaning of a concession: TimeNot time, but we have to go . If repeated predicates with a particle So have conditional consequential meanings with a hint of reinforcement, then a comma can be placed: – Well then! – he suddenly exclaims with an unexpected surge of energy. - Going to,So going to(Cupr.); Well, it will be, thank you. Made friendsSo made friends(Chuck.). (Wed: If we need to gather, then we will gather; If you make friends, then with interest .)

§45

Repeating parts of a sentence with a conjunction And when sharply emphasizing their meaning, they are separated by the sign dash : Leave - and leave quickly; We need victory - and only victory. However, with a calmer intonation, a comma is also possible: You, and only you, are capable of this; We need facts, and only facts. .

If the union And stands between two identical verbs, which act as a single predicate expressing a constantly repeating action, a comma is not placed: And he's stillwrites and writes letters to the old address .

As a rule, homogeneous members of a sentence (hereinafter referred to as OCP) have the following characteristics, by which they are quite easy to identify. Firstly, they all refer to one member of the sentence, secondly, they are completely equal to each other, thirdly, as a rule, they are expressed by the same parts of speech.

In a sentence, homogeneous members perform the same syntactic function, but in writing they are mainly separated by commas.

The placement of commas with homogeneous members of a sentence is subject to the following rules:

1. If homogeneous members are not connected by unions, a comma should be placed between them. For example:

• Cheerful voices, joyful songs, and jokes were heard from everywhere.
• Her house was always cozy, beautiful, light and satisfying.
• The man looked with surprise at the dry crusts, rusty nails, scraps of some papers, lumps of caked dirt, lying in disarray under his feet.

Note 1. Two or more adjectives can be considered homogeneous only if there are identical syntactic and semantic connections between the noun and each of these adjectives. For example:

• Crows' nests could be seen here and there on the gloomy, gnarled trees.
• But I hoped that everything would become better, happier, more fun.

However, if the first adjective refers directly to the entire phrase, and not just to the noun, then it is not a special phrase. For example:

• With a loud whistle, a heavy freight train rushed past.
• A green birch grove could be seen ahead.

Note 2. Two verbs that follow each other, but in meaning form a single whole, are also not OCP. For example:

• Let's sit down and talk, I'll go have a look, let's start, etc.

2. If the PSCs are connected through adversative conjunctions“but”, “a”, “but”, “yes” (= “but”), “although”, then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• He felt not love, but hatred at that moment.
• He spoke rarely, but aptly.
• He looks good, but green (Krylov).

3. If in a sentence the OCPs are used with paired conjunctions“at least (although) - but (a)”, “as much (as much) - as (as much)”, “not as much (not as much) - as (as much)”, “as - so and”, “not only - but and”, “if not - then”, then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• I am pleased not so much with your work as with your approach to business.
• Not only ants, but also bees are essentially social insects.
• And not only will I not touch the local herds in the future, but I myself am happy to squabble with others for them (Krylov).
• This beast looks menacing, but is safe.

4. If in a sentence OSP is used with repeating conjunctions“and...and”, “yes...yes”, “that...that”, “whether-whether”, “either-or”, etc., then a comma is placed between them. For example:

• Maples, aspens, and young birches grew in this wonderful place.
• In the house the light went out and then came on again.
• Tsar Dadon (Pushkin) does not encounter either a massacre, a camp, or a burial mound.

Note 1. If these unions connect mutually exclusive concepts that have already become stable units, then a comma is not used. For example:

• neither this nor that, this way and that, neither one nor the other, neither yes nor no, day and night, old and young, laughter and sorrow, neither alive nor dead, neither back nor forth, neither fish nor fowl, neither give nor take.

Note 2. If the EPCs represent a semantic unity and are connected using repeating conjunctions, then commas are not placed between them. For example:

• Both summer and autumn were rainy (Zhukovsky).
• Both the cat and the dog loved him.

5. If only a few POCs have repeating conjunctions in front of them, a comma is still placed between them. For example:

• Tatyana believed the legends of the common people of old times, and dreams, and card fortune-telling, and predictions of the moon (Pushkin).
• I met another girl who was more beautiful and cheerful, and easy-going, and smart.

If the PSCs fall into several paired groups, then commas are placed only between these groups, for example:

• The Russian people are smart and understanding, diligent and ardent for everything good and beautiful (Belinsky).
• When we were students, we squeezed science in everywhere, by the way and inopportunely, with intent and without intent, skillfully and unskillfully (Pisarev).
• I cried and screamed, suffered and suffered, called and yearned - he never returned.

System of exercises on the topic

“Homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions”

The greatest difficulty in sentences with homogeneous members is caused by punctuation with homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. To decide whether or not to put a comma between two definitions, you must first determine whether they are homogeneous or not. It would seem that everything is simple: a comma is placed between homogeneous definitions, but not between heterogeneous ones. The difficulty is that students often cannot determine which definitions are homogeneous and which are heterogeneous. Several definitions depending on the same member of the sentence and answering the same question may be heterogeneous.
Compare: A huge vault of heaven hangs over a wide, dark ravine. – A huge vault of heaven hangs over a wide dark ravine. These are synonymous definitions, differing in that in the first of them the definitions wide and dark independently characterize the word dell, and in the second sentence the definition wide characterizes the phrase dark ravine. The only grammatical means of distinguishing the subtlety of the meaning of these sentences is intonation: placing logical emphasis on each definition or just one.

I propose a system of exercises to reinforce this difficult topic.

EXERCISE 1.

Why is it necessary to place commas between homogeneous members in these sentences?

He wanted something gigantic, immense, amazing. We washed down the clear, warm honey with spring water and fell asleep. Something unusually wide, sweeping, heroic stretched across the steppe instead of a road. My brother is smart, honest, brave. After the thunderstorms, cold, clear weather set in. The short twilight quickly gave way to a wonderful, gentle tropical night.

We draw students' attention to the fact that if definitions characterize an object on the one hand (color, shape, size, etc.), do not depend on each other grammatically, but are equally subordinate to the word being defined, then they are homogeneous.

EXERCISE 2.

Find homogeneous definitions and establish what they mean.

1. There were bright carnations and red, orange and yellow lilies. 2.The production of cotton, linen, and woolen fabrics has increased significantly. 3. Birch, pine, and aspen firewood was stacked in the woodpile. 4.Angrily raising his thousands of sinewy, gnarled, calloused hands, the new owner went out into the street. 5. She was reclining in a beautiful, graceful pose.

(1 – color, 2.3 – material, 4.5 – quality)

Note.

Heterogeneous definitions characterize an object from different sides (in different respects), that is, they express characteristics related to different generic concepts. Heterogeneous definitions are definitions, the first of which refers to the entire subsequent combination, and not directly to the noun:
cupronickel teaspoons (material and purpose), small golden lights (color and purpose), small brown eyes (size and color).

EXERCISE 3.

Find definitions in these sentences and prove that they are heterogeneous.

On the windowsill, a prickly cactus bloomed with beautiful yellow flowers (color and quality). His large, suffering eyes sparkled unbearably (magnitude, quality). White fluffy clouds melted in the bright rays of the cheerful sun (color and material). In the evening twilight a large one-story house with a rusty iron roof appeared (size and height, quality and material). At the threshold of the house, Yegorushka saw a new luxurious carriage and a pair of black horses (age and quality). The ship was sailing in flowering narrow banks (type and size). He smoked at least a pound of the strongest black tobacco per day (quality and color).

Note.

Sometimes the definitions seem heterogeneous; it is impossible to insert the conjunction -and- between them; the signs denoted by the definitions seem to be different. Moreover, one of the words is used in a figurative sense - as an epithet, in order to more clearly emphasize the idea expressed by it. In such cases, difficulties in punctuation occur.

Compare: A pale blue glass vase decorated a small table.

His pale blue, glassy eyes widened.

In the first sentence, the definitions characterize the object from different sides, indicate color and material, therefore, they are heterogeneous. The second sentence contains heterogeneous definitions, but they are united by a common concept - eyes that express nothing. This makes them unambiguous. A unifying feature can be the similarity of the impression made, appearance, or causal connection.
For example:
It is difficult to forgive a bitter, undeserved insult. (An undeserved offense is always bitter - the words bitter and undeserved show why it is difficult to forgive. - The connection is causal.)

EXERCISE 4.

Find homogeneous and heterogeneous definitions. Explain their meanings and punctuation marks.

The night was gentle and warm. He had a kind, wide, soft smile. Dark-skinned wild bees swayed on the corollas of meadow flowers. On a clear, windy morning, Berestov went for a ride on horseback. She looked at him with her velvety, black gaze. This young dark-haired youth was introduced to me. A dry, hot wind carried hot air. All the pages of the notebook were covered in harsh, stubborn handwriting. On a good, clear night, they dragged a dry stump onto the shore, put brushwood on it, set it on fire, and let it go with the stirrup.

Note.

Usually, the role of homogeneous definitions is a single definition, expressed by an adjective, and the following common definition or participial phrase.

For example: The cheerful evening that had taken place without us was in full swing.

When the order of definitions is reversed, that is, if a common definition precedes a single one, a comma is not placed between them.

Let's compare: The fun evening that had taken place without us was in full swing.

ASSIGNMENT TASKS.

1. Rearrange the sentences so that a comma is placed between definitions.

A man was sitting in a modestly furnished small office. At this time they began to approach a tiny house that had almost collapsed on the ground. Here and there a torn leather sofa was placed between the cabinets. In the kitchen there was a wooden table covered with oilcloth. Densely standing dark spruce trees were reflected in the water. The small islands, densely overgrown with forest, somehow harmonize especially with the calm surface of the river. There was pearlescent blue frost on the metal parts of the cars. He had a well-practiced quick step.

2.Extend the sentences using homogeneous definitions.

All the rivers were dammed with…………………..ice. (Small, solid).

…………….clouds lay on the tops of the surrounding mountains. (Heavy, cold)

And all this was said with………………….smile. (Smart, kind).

About a hundred paces from the hill there was green………………..sedge. (Thick, lush).

The…………………birch was good. (Spreading, white-trunked).

The station lit up…………. and ………….lights. (White, red and green).

3.Extend the sentences with heterogeneous definitions.

Under one of the maples there was a dilapidated bench on rusty………paws (cast iron). The neglected......park with the impassable thicket of hazel trees was depressing (linden). In autumn there are often gusty……..winds (cold). The priest wore a black………..coat (long). The stooped man was dressed in a gray……….suit (thin). He climbed the twisted………stairs (iron). We drank cold……..water (tasty). The book has colossal…………power (attractive). A large…………shadow was visible next to the house (black). This man walked all summer in a yellowish………..kaftan of German cut (linen).

TEST. CHECK YOURSELF.

Mark the sentence numbers where the comma is placed.

1. Everyone was in a cheerful, joyful mood.

2.Ancient stone walls surrounded the fortress.

3. The hay gave off a sweet, slightly stimulating smell.

4.He loved strong decisive words.

5. The snowdrifts were covered with a thin ice crust.

6.Sugar sweet snow covered the ugliness of autumn.

7. Funny, sad, funny things happened.

8. The result was something terribly confused and sharp.

9.A piercing, sharp wind knocks down flocks of birds into a dark solid mass.

10. The prolonged gloomy rains began very early this year.

11. Straight slender cypress trees surrounded the house.

12. Here the path again gradually crawled up a long, sloping mountain.

13.From the shore, a high pyramidal staircase hung over the water.

14. The fortress was immersed in its usual peaceful sleep.

15. Frequent old and fresh tracks crossed the road every now and then.

16.My father occasionally sent me packs of faded blue banknotes.

17. It was a man with tousled hair and wide, mocking lips.

18.I saw a young, beautiful, kind, charming woman.

19. There was only one sandy road leading there.

20. The drying lilac leaves of the poplars moved in the wind.

21. It seemed that the muscles had melted from the heat and only thin elastic nerves remained.

22.In the remote farmstead there was a blacksmith shop.

23. A branched purple zigzag of lightning cut the sky diagonally.

24.The steppe breathed with deep, even and powerful sighs.

25.The foamy sea stretched out in front of him.

26. A sly female gaze flashed from under the eyelashes.

27.The bitter, healthy smell of wormwood is diffused in the morning cool.

28.The entire vast expanse of the steppe seems to be sprinkled with fine golden dust.

29. These were my mother’s weak, timid attempts to introduce me to music.

30. He wrote simply and easily, combining lively drawing with clean, rich colors.

Key to the test:

1,3,4,6,7,8,9.10,11,18,21,24,29,30

Latypova Rimma Zakirovna, teacher of Russian language and literature
Municipal educational institution “Izhevsk Natural and Humanitarian Lyceum “School 30”.