Annual assessment in biology for 8th grade:

Final test in biology for 8th grade

1 option

1) The initial section of the digestive system is:

a) Esophagus b) Oral cavity c) Pharynx

2) The placenta is:

a) Temporary organ formed during pregnancy

b) Type of connective tissue

c) Disease

3) What cellular structure are we talking about: transmits information to daughter cells using chromosomes during division:

a) mitochondria b) lysosome c) nucleus) cell center

4) Which tissue is capable of being excited and transmitting excitation: a) nervous b) epithelial

c) connectived) muscular

5) The endocrine gland located in the brain area is:

a) Thyroid gland) Pituitary gland c) Thymus gland

6) Select a mixed secretion gland from the proposed glands: a) pancreasb) liver

c) pituitary gland) adrenal glands

7) With insufficient production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland, a disease develops:

a) dwarfismb) Graves' diseasec) hypoglycemiad) myxedema

8) What is the name of the middle layer of the heart?

a) epicardiumb) myocardiumc) endocardium

9) The nervous system does not perform the function: a) transport of nutrientsb) nervous regulationc) connection of the body with the external environmentd) coordinated activity of organs

10) Select the characteristic of the conditioned reflex: a) congenitalb) permanentc) species-specificd) individual

11) What physiological property is not inherent in the nerve?

a) excitability b) conductivity c) regeneration

12) Which part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses light rays? a) retinab) pupilc) vitreous body) lens

13) Due to what happens the development, growth in thickness and regeneration of bones after damage:

a) spongy substanceb) compact substance) yellow bone marrowd) periosteum

14) Sign not related to red blood cells: a) protective function b) up to 5 million per 1 cm 3

c) life expectancy 120 days d) transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

15) How can you not get infected with AIDS: a) by airborne dropletsb) by blood transfusionc) by breastfeedingd) by sexual contact

16) Which reflexes are inhibited by external inhibition:

a) Unconditional. b) Conditional. c) Both.

17. Enzymes involved in the breakdown of proteins:

18) Lack of vitamins in the human body is called:

a)vitaminosisb)hypovitaminosis)dystrophy

19) Red color of blood is reported:

a) leukocytes b) erythrocytes c) platelets

20) The skin area of ​​an adult is:

a) 1.5-2 sq. meter) 2.5 -3 sq. meters) 3.5-4 sq. meters

21)

a) A.A. Ukhtomsky. b) I.P. Pavlov. c) I.M. Sechenov. d) A.M. Ugolev.

22) The direction of all our mental activity, concentration on something important is:

a) speechb) memoryc) thinkingd) attention

23 ) Oxygen is transported by red blood cells in the form of:

a) Carbohemoglobin. b) Carboxyhemoglobin. c) Myoglobin. d) Oxyhemoglobin.

24)

25) Select the type of temperament: very energetic, fast, impetuous, with a violent manifestation of emotions, with sudden changes in mood, passionately devoted to work:

a) cholericb) melancholicc) phlegmaticd) sanguine

Final test in biology for 8th grade

Option 2

1) The science of creating conditions favorable for maintaining human health, of the proper organization of his work and rest :a) ecologyb) hygienec) embryologyd) cytology

2) Which organ is not part of the digestive system?

a) Liver b) Kidneys c) Pancreas

3) What function does the cell membrane perform:

a) participates in cell division b) protein synthesis

c) exchange of substances between cells and m/c substance

4) The cells of which tissue are loosely arranged, the intercellular substance is highly developed:

a) nervousb) epithelialc) connectived) muscular

5) The walls of internal organs consist of muscle tissue :

a) skeletalb) smoothc) cardiacc) striated

a) shoulder) sacrum c) tibia

7) What disease threatens a person in childhood with insufficient functioning of the thyroid gland:

a) diabetes mellitus b) hypoglycemiac) bronze diseased) cretinism

8) The pituitary gland secretes

a) growth hormone; b) thyroxine; c) adrenaline; d) insulin.

9) The inner ear includes

a) auditory ossicles; b) cochlea; c) eardrum.

10) Nerve cells are called:

a) axonsb) neuronsc) dendritesd) synapses

11) Coordination of voluntary movements, maintaining body position in space, regulation of muscle tone and balance are the functions:

a) forebrainb) medulla oblongata) cerebellumd) midbrain

12) What substance contained in the blood can add oxygen?

a) glucose; b) adrenaline; c) hemoglobin; d) insulin.

13) In which part of the digestive tract are there villi?

a) in the small intestine; b) in the esophagus; c) in the large intestine; d) in the stomach.

14) Take part in blood clotting :a) erythrocytes b) plateletsc) leukocytes

15) Rickets develops due to vitamin deficiency

a) D; b) B1c) C; d) A

16) A disease of the respiratory system that is not transmitted by airborne droplets :

a) tuberculosis b) tonsillitis c) diphtheria d) influenza

17) Enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates:

a) pepsin, trypsinb) amylase, ptyalinc) lipase, lecithinase) maltase, pepsin

18) Short-term memory includes:

c) Information that the student listened to in class

19) What function does subcutaneous fatty tissue not perform?

a) cushions b) saves heat) stores nutrients d) contains receptors

20) The visual zone of the cerebral cortex is located in the lobe:

a) frontal; b) occipital; c) parietal; d) temporal.

21) In which blood vessels does venous blood flow?

a) in the arteries of the small circle; b) in the arteries of the large circle; c) in the veins of the small circle; d) in the aorta.

22) The breakdown of proteins in the digestive system begins in

a) oral cavity; b) stomach; c) small intestine

23) Cognitive processes include:

a) dream b) will) perception d) imagination

24) Select reasons that help you fall asleep:

a) daily routineb) bright lightc) paind) restless thoughts

25) Select the type of temperament: calm, difficult to anger, has inexpressive facial expressions, switches slowly from one type of activity to another:

a) cholericb) melancholicc) phlegmaticd) sanguine

Answers:

Job No.	1 option	Option 2

Evaluation criteria:

Number of tasks completed correctly	Grade
25-23
22-18
17-13
12 or less

Test task on the topic: “Child development after birth. Personality formation. Interests, inclinations, abilities."

1) A child is considered a newborn:

1. within a month after birth

2. within two months after birth

3. within three months after birth

2) Correct judgments:

1. A person is born with a personality.
2. A person becomes a person.
3. Abilities depend only on hereditary factors received from parents.
4. Abilities depend only on the conditions in which a person develops.
5. Abilities depend both on hereditary factors and on the conditions in which the personality develops.

3) A person who has a weak, easily vulnerable nervous system, capable of withstanding only small stresses. This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

4) A calm person, it is difficult to anger him, has inexpressive facial expressions, and switches slowly from one type of activity to another. This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

5) Balanced in his feelings and actions, lively, agile, easily adapts to circumstances. This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

6) Has a strong nervous system, is able to overcome significant difficulties, has poor self-restraint, and easily “explodes.” This is temperament:

1. Choleric.
2. Sanguine.
3. Melancholic.
4. Phlegmatic.

7) Temperament is:

1. A unique combination of psychological personality traits.

8) Character is:

1. Psychophysical properties of the nervous system.
2. A set of stable personality traits that develop in the process of upbringing, activity, and communication with people and determine behavior that is typical for a given person.
3. A person’s ability to perform conscious actions that require overcoming external or internal difficulties.
4. Hereditary deposits received from parents.

9) Personality is:

1. Psychophysical properties of the nervous system.

10) An individual is:

1. An individual person with all his physical and mental characteristics.
2. A person as a member of society, possessing a system of unique traits that determine the course of thoughts and behavior characteristic of a given person, his attitude towards others.
3. A person who received inheritance from his parents.

11) Interest is:

12) Addiction is:

1. individual physiological and psychological characteristics of a person, which are a condition for the successful performance of a particular activity.

2. addiction to certain activities

3. form of manifestation of cognitive need

13) Abilities are:

1. hereditary deposits received from parents.
2. individual physiological and psychological characteristics of a person, which are a condition for the successful performance of a particular activity.
3. form of manifestation of cognitive need

1. addiction to certain activities

14) People who are open and focused on communication are:

1. extroverts
2. introverts
3. choleric people
4. phlegmatic

15) People who are closed and self-absorbed are:

1. extroverts
2. introverts
3. sanguine people
4. melancholics

Biology test

on the topic: “Higher nervous activity. Behavior. Psyche."

Option 1

Exercise 1.

Match the term and concept

1 Higher nervous activity	A Direction and concentration of consciousness on a particular type of activity, object or event
2 Dynamic stereotype
4 Dreams	D Objects and phenomena that become the center of our attention
5 Intuition	D Human inattention
6 Feeling	E The totality of individual characteristics of thinking
7 Perception	G Attention that arises beyond the will of a person
8 Objects of perception
9 Surveillance	And not only rest of the brain, but also an active restructuring of its work, necessary for organizing the information received during wakefulness
	Reflection of the subject as a whole
11 Thinking	L Conscious self-regulation of human behavior, ensuring overcoming difficulties on the way to achieving a goal
	N Attention, manifested in the implementation of a person’s conscious intentions and requiring him to apply volitional efforts
14 Attention	O Those functions of the brain that are associated with the inner world of a person, his psyche
15 Involuntary attention
16 Voluntary attention
17 Absent-mindedness	C Good or bad mood, a state of violent emotional outburst,
18 Emotional reactions	T Purposeful perception, where it is strictly defined what one should try to see and in what order, what measurements should be taken and at what time
19 Emotional states	Ability to solve problems using subconscious experience
20 Behavior	F Combination of several conditioned reflexes into a single chain, which is reinforced only at the end, when all conditioned reflex actions are completed

Task 2

1 . Created the doctrine of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes:

1. I.M. Sechenov.

2. A.A. Ukhtomsky.

3. I.P. Pavlov.

4. N.I.Pirogov.

2

1. Conditional.

2. Unconditional.

3 . What stimulus was used in I.P. Pavlov’s experiment? above the dog is food:

1. Conditional.

2. Unconditional.

4 . Help you adapt to changing living conditions:

1. Unconditioned reflexes.

2. Conditioned reflexes.

5 . External braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

6 . Internal braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

3. The cat will stop responding to the rattle if the sound of the rattle is not reinforced with a sausage.

7 . Which reflexes are inhibited by external inhibition:

1. Unconditional.

2. Conditional.

3. Both.

8. What is a dominant:

9. Developed the doctrine of dominance:

1. A.A. Ukhtomsky.
2. I.P. Pavlov.
3. I.M. Sechenov.
4. A.M. Ugolev.

10.

1. Attention.
2. Using skills.
3. Unconditioned reflex.

11. Intermediate memory includes:

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it on the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.
2. A multiplication table that is stored in the memory of a high school student.

12.

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it on the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.
2. Information that the student listened to in class.
3. A multiplication table that is stored in the memory of a high school student.

13.

1. Based on body size - the larger the animal, the more complex the GNI.
2. On the degree of complexity of the circulatory and respiratory systems.

14.

1. Organ of vision.
2. Organ of hearing.

15.

1. Organ of vision.
2. Organ of hearing.
3. Information obtained through oral and written communication.

16.

1. REM sleep phase.
2. NREM sleep phase.
3. Both options are equally likely.

17. Cognitive processes include:

1. perception
2. imagination

18. Imagination happens:

1. active and passive
2. logical and mechanical
3. auditory and olfactory

Task 3. What is sleep? Two stages of sleep (signs of each stage).

Option 2

Exercise 1.

Match the term and concept

1 Perception	A Human inattention
	B A complex complex of adaptive motor acts aimed at satisfying the body’s needs and manifested in purposeful activity
3 Intuition	B Reflection of individual properties of an object
4 Dreams	D Direction and concentration of consciousness on a particular type of activity, object or event
5 Higher nervous activity	D Objects and phenomena that become the center of our attention
6 Feeling	E Not only rest of the brain, but also active restructuring of its work, necessary for organizing the information received during wakefulness
7 Dynamic stereotype	F Ability to solve problems using subconscious experience
8 Objects of perception	C Crying, laughter, manifestation of pleasure, fear, sadness and other feelings in people
9 Thinking	And the totality of individual characteristics of thinking
	To Attention that arises beyond the will of a person
11 Observation	L Attention, manifested in the implementation of a person’s conscious intentions and requiring him to apply volitional efforts
12 Emotional reactions	M A complex process consisting of memorizing information, storing it and reproducing it
	N Conscious self-regulation of human behavior, ensuring overcoming difficulties on the way to achieving a goal
14 Attention	O Good or bad mood, a state of violent emotional outburst
15 Absent-mindedness	P Generalized and indirect knowledge of reality
16 Voluntary attention	P Complex mental phenomena that are based on previously experienced impressions
	C Those brain functions that are associated with the inner world of a person, his psyche
18 Behavior	T Combination of several conditioned reflexes into a single chain, which is reinforced only at the end, when all conditioned reflex actions are completed
19 Emotional states	Reflection of the subject as a whole
20 Involuntary attention	F Purposeful perception, where it is strictly defined what one should try to see and in what order, what measurements should be taken and at what time

Task 2

1. Help you adapt to changing living conditions:

1. Conditioned reflexes.

2. Unconditioned reflexes.

2. What stimulus was used in I.P. Pavlov’s experiment? above the dog is food:

1. Unconditional.

2. Conditional.

3 .Created the doctrine of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes:

1.I.P.Pavlov.

2.I.M.Sechenov.

3.A.A.Ukhtomsky.

4.N.I.Pirogov.

4 . What stimulus was used in I.P. Pavlov’s experiment? there is a light above the dog:

1. Conditional.

2. Unconditional.

5 . External braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

3. The cat will stop responding to the rattle if the sound of the rattle is not reinforced with a sausage.

6 . Internal braking:

1. Ring from class.

2. Car horn.

3. The cat will stop responding to the rattle if the sound of the rattle is not reinforced with a sausage.

7 .Which reflexes are inhibited using external inhibition:

1. Unconditional.

2. Conditional.

3. Both.

8. Developed the doctrine of dominance:

1. A.A. Ukhtomsky.
2. I.P. Pavlov.
3. . A.M.Ugolev
4. I.M. Sechenov.

9. A hungry fox is looking for prey. That's an example:

1. Unconditioned reflex.
2. Using skills.
3. Attention.

10. What determines the GNI of animals?

1. Animals do not have GNI; their behavior is based on reflexes and instincts.
2. On the degree of complexity of the circulatory and respiratory systems
3. From the nervous system - the more complex the nervous system, the more complex the GNI.
4. Based on body size - the larger the animal, the more difficult the GNI.

11. Long-term memory includes:

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it on the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.
2. Information that the student listened to in class.
3. A multiplication table that is stored in the memory of a high school student.

12. What is a dominant:

1. The predominant system of interconnected centers that temporarily determine the nature of the body’s response to external and internal stimuli.
2. External inhibition of the conditioned reflex.
3. Internal inhibition of the conditioned reflex.
4. External inhibition of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.

13. What is a second alarm system?

1. Organ of vision.
2. Organ of hearing.

1. Information obtained through oral and written communication.

14. What phase of sleep does a person begin after falling asleep?

1. NREM sleep phase.
2. REM sleep phase.
3. Both options are equally likely.

15. Short-term memory includes:

1. The phone number that you found in your address book, you typed it on the device’s disk and... immediately forgot.

2.Multiplication table, which is stored in the memory of a high school student.

3. Information that the student listened to in class

16. What is the first signaling system?

1. Organ of vision.
2. Information obtained through oral and written communication.
3. Organ of hearing.

17. Cognitive processes include:

1. perception
2. imagination

18. Imagination happens:

1. active and passive
2. logical and mechanical
3. short and long term
4. auditory and olfactory

Task 3. What is attention? Involuntary and voluntary attention (describe).

HYGIENE IS THE SCIENCE ABOUT HEALTH, ABOUT THE CREATION OF CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR PRESERVING HUMAN HEALTH, ABOUT THE CORRECT ORGANIZATION OF WORK AND REST, ABOUT THE PREVENTION OF DISEASES. ITS GOAL IS TO STUDY THE INFLUENCE OF LIFE AND WORK CONDITIONS ON PEOPLE'S HEALTH, PREVENTING DISEASES, PROVIDING OPTIMAL CONDITIONS OF HUMAN EXISTENCE, PRESERVING HIS HEALTH AND LONGEVITY. HYGIENE IS THE BASIS OF DISEASE PREVENTION.

PHYSICAL EDUCATION: HYGIENIC FACTORS, NATURAL FORCES, PHYSICAL EXERCISES. IN THE SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION, WORK IS CARRIED OUT WITH THE HELP OF VARIOUS MEANS THAT AFFECT THE ORGANISM: - HYGIENIC FACTORS (CORRECT REGIME, RATIONAL NUTRITION, HYGIENIC ENVIRONMENT, FORMATION OF CULTURAL AND HYGIENIC SKILLS). - NATURAL FORCES OF NATURE (FOR HARDENING AND STRENGTHENING THE ORGANISM). - PHYSICAL EXERCISE.

A CHILDREN'S LIFE REGIME IS A RATIONAL, CLEAR ALTERNATION OF WAKING, SLEEP, NUTRITION, AND VARIOUS ACTIVITIES, REPEATED DAILY IN A CERTAIN SEQUENCE. WHEN DEVELOPING A REGIME, IT IS NECESSARY TO CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING: 1. AGE FEATURES OF HIGHER NERVOUS ACTIVITY: CHANGES IN THE PERFORMANCE LIMIT OF CEREBRAL CORTICAL CELLS DETERMINES THE TOTAL NUMBER OF HOURS AND THE DURATION OF SLEEP AND WAKE AGES . 2. AGE FEATURES IN THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, WHICH REGULATE THE NUMBER OF FEEDINGS DURING THE DAY. 3. INDIVIDUAL FEATURES: CHILDREN WITH EXCITABLE AND WEAK NERVOUS SYSTEMS NEED TO SLEEP MORE AND REST MORE OFTEN. 4. AGE REQUIREMENTS FOR MOVEMENTS. 5. TIME OF YEAR, CLIMATIC CONDITIONS.

AN IMPORTANT COMPONENT OF COMPLETE PHYSICAL EDUCATION OF CHILDREN IS RATIONALLY ORGANIZED NUTRITION – ONE OF THE MAIN SOURCES OF THE METABOLIC PROCESS, WITHOUT WHICH LIFE IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR A GROWING UP. NUTRITION IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN THE BODY, AS IT ENSURES THE NORMAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALL TISSUE. ALL DEVIATIONS FROM THE NORMAL IN NUTRITION QUICKLY AFFECT THE LIFE ACTIVITIES OF THE CHILDREN'S BODY. CREATION OF A SANITARY AND HYGIENIC ENVIRONMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH EXISTING STANDARDS IS ALSO AN IMPORTANT CONDITION FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION

THIS INVITES MAINTAINING CLEANNESS AND ORDER IN THE PREMISES AND AREA, COMPLIANCE WITH OPTIMAL LIGHT, AIR AND TEMPERATURE CONDITIONS IN THE PREMISES, AS WELL AS CLOTHING HYGIENE FOR CHILDREN AND ADULTS. LESS IMPORTANT IS THE CREATION OF THE NECESSARY MATERIAL ENVIRONMENT: RATIONAL LAYOUT OF THE PREMISES AND AREA, PROVIDING FURNITURE AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION EQUIPMENT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE AGE OF THE CHILDREN.

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SPORTS FACILITIES SPORTS FACILITIES MUST COMPLY WITH THE ESTABLISHED SANITARY REQUIREMENTS AND STANDARDS. THE HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS OF SPORTS FACILITIES ARE ESPECIALLY HIGH, SINCE THE HEALTH EFFECT OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND SPORTS DEPENDS ON THEIR SANITARY CONDITION. THE INTERIOR FINISHING OF THE ROOMS MUST BE OF IMPORTANT HYGIENIC IMPORTANCE. BE SMOOTH, WITHOUT PROJECTIONS AND MOLDINGS, RESISTANT TO BALL IMPACTS AND ALLOWING WET CLEANING. CENTRAL HEATING RADIATORS SHOULD BE LOCATED IN NICHES UNDER THE WINDOWS AND COVERED WITH PROTECTIVE GRILLS. TRUE OPENINGS SHOULD NOT HAVE PROTIGING CAPS. WHEN PAINTING WALLS, THE DEGREE OF LIGHT REFLECTION AND THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED: GREEN COLOR SOOTHS AND HAS A FAVORABLE EFFECT ON THE VISUAL ORGAN; ORANGE AND YELLOW ARE INCREASING AND CAUSE A FEELING OF WARMTH; RED IS EXCITING; BLUE AND VIOLET ARE DEPRESSED WHEN OIL PAINT IS USED. IT IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO COVER THE WALLS AND CEILING COMPLETELY WITH IT, AS THIS INTERPRESDS THE NATURAL VENTILATION OF THE ROOM. THE FLOOR SHOULD BE FLAT, WITHOUT POTS AND PROJECTIONS, NON-SLIP, ELASTIC, AND EASY TO CLEAN.

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR CLOTHING, FOR FOOTWEAR IT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO COMPLY WITH THE RULES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE IN EVERYDAY LIFE AND, ESPECIALLY WHEN DOING PHYSICAL EXERCISES. EVERYONE KNOWS THAT COMPLIANCE WITH THESE RULES HELP NOT ONLY PREVENT DISEASES, PROMOTE HEALTH AND NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE BODY, BUT ALSO INCREASE PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICAL IMPROVEMENT. PERSONAL HYGIENE INCLUDES SKIN, ORAL CAVITY, HAIR CARE, WARMING, AS WELL AS KEEPING YOUR CLOTHES AND SHOES CLEAN. GIRLS AND BOYS SHOULD CAREFULLY MONITOR THE CLEANNESS OF UNDERWEAR, OUTERWEAR AND SPORTS CLOTHING. CLOTHING SHOULD BE COMFORTABLE, LIGHT ENOUGH, NOT TOO WARM, AND NOT RESTRAINT MOVEMENT. ITS SIZE AND CUT SHOULD NOT CONSTRAINT BREATHING AND ITS COMPLICATED BLOOD CIRCULATION. FOR THE SAME REASON, COLLARS, BELT AND CUFFS SHOULD NOT BE TIGHT. IT IS RARE TO WALK, AND EVEN MORE, SLEEP IN TIGHT-TIGHT PANTS, ESPECIALLY MADE FROM SYNTHETICS. FOR INDOOR ACTIVITIES IN WINTER AND TRAINING IN SUMMER, CLOTHING MUST BE COMPLIANT WITH METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS AND FEATURES OF THE TYPE OF SPORTS IN WARM WEATHER. SPORTS PANTS, T-SHIRT, COTTON TRAINING SUIT; IN COOL WAYS – WOOL TRACKSUIT. FOR PHYSICAL EXERCISE AND OUTDOOR SPORTS IN WINTER, CLOTHING SHOULD HAVE THREE LAYERS: UNDERWEAR, FLANNEL SHIRT, WOOL KNITTED SUIT, WOOL HAT AND MITTENS. IT'S ALSO GOOD TO WEAR A LIGHT JACKET ON OVER TO PROTECT FROM THE WIND.

HYGIENE (from the Greek hygieinos - healthy) is the science of health, the creation of conditions favorable for a person to maintain health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of diseases. The origin of the term hygiene is also associated with the name of the mythical goddess of health Hygieia, daughter of the god of medicine Aesculapius.

The purpose of hygiene is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people’s health, to prevent diseases, to ensure optimal conditions for human existence, to preserve his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

Main tasks of hygiene:

Studying the influence of the external environment on the health and performance of people;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygiene standards, rules and measures to improve the health of the external environment and eliminate harmful factors;

Scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body’s resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, and increase performance.

During the development of hygiene, a number of hygienic disciplines were formed: occupational hygiene, social hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, municipal hygiene, hygiene of physical culture and sports, etc.

Hygiene is closely related to sanitation. Sanitation (from Latin sanitas - health) is a term used in medicine until the 60s to designate a branch of healthcare, the content of which covers the development and implementation of practical sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures. In the modern understanding, the scientific development of the above problems is carried out by hygiene, and the organization and implementation of sanitary-hygienic and anti-epidemic measures is carried out by the sanitary-epidemiological service.

Hygienic importance of air movement. Hygienic importance of air movement. Air mobility occurs due to temperature differences in different parts of the Earth's surface. In hygienic practice, air movement is considered from two perspectives: direction and speed of air movement.

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General hygiene

Table of contents

Introduction

Relevance of the work. Hygiene is the science of health, the creation of conditions favorable for maintaining human health, the proper organization of work and rest, and the prevention of diseases. Its goal is to study the influence of living and working conditions on people's health, preventing diseases, ensuring optimal conditions for human existence, preserving his health and longevity. Hygiene is the basis of disease prevention.

The main tasks of hygiene are to study the influence of the external environment on the health and performance of people; scientific substantiation and development of hygiene standards, rules and measures to improve the health of the external environment and eliminate harmful factors; scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to increase the body’s resistance to possible harmful environmental influences in order to improve health and physical development, increase performance.

Hygiene at the present stage is a widely differentiated science. Having first emerged as general hygiene, later, as the problems and objects of the external environment being studied expanded, disciplines such as occupational hygiene, food hygiene, municipal hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, etc. began to develop independently.

Purpose and objectives of the work: study of the basic aspects of general hygiene.

1. Hygienic importance of air movement. Its influence on human thermoregulation.

Air mobility occurs due to temperature differences in different parts of the Earth's surface. In hygienic practice, air movement is considered from two perspectives: direction and speed of air movement.

The direction of the wind is determined by the side of the world from which the wind is blowing, and is indicated by rhumbs - the initial letters of the cardinal points: N - north, S - south, E - east, 3 - west. In addition to the four main points, there are intermediate ones located between them, and thus the entire horizon is divided into eight points: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, 3, NW. It is also important to know the prevailing, most frequently repeated wind direction in a given area. This is of great importance when planning cities, arranging hospitals, schools and other public and residential facilities on their territory, which should be located on the windward side in relation to industrial enterprises that pollute the air with smoke and gases. 1 A graphical representation of the frequency (recurrence) of winds by direction, observed in a given area throughout the year, is called a wind rose. From the center, marks are made on the rhumb lines corresponding to the number (recurrence) of winds in a given direction, the ends are connected by straight lines. The speed of air movement is measured by the distance in meters traveled by a mass of air in 1 second (sometimes in points). The wind blows in gusts, and as the altitude increases, its speed increases due to the absence of obstacles (hills, forests, buildings, etc.). Seasonal changes in wind speed depend on geographical conditions. Air movement at a speed of up to 3 m/s is regarded as a light wind, 5-7 m/s - moderate, 9-12 m/s - strong, 15-18 m/s - very strong, 18-21 m/s - storm. Air movement is the third meteorological factor that acts in combination with temperature and humidity on human heat exchange and can change the heat balance. Its influence is expressed in an increase in heat loss through convection and evaporation. In the hot season, the wind increases the transfer of heat, improving well-being, and in the cold season, by carrying away warmer layers of air from the body, it helps to cool the body. In winter, wind increases the risk of frostbite, especially on exposed parts of the body. At an air temperature of -20-30°C in calm weather, frost is more easily tolerated than at -10-15°C and strong wind. It is conventionally accepted that an increase in air speed by 1 m/s is equivalent to a decrease in air temperature by approximately 2°. 2

In addition to influencing heat transfer, wind, irritating skin receptors, reflexively enhances metabolic processes, increasing heat production. If the air temperature is higher than body temperature and it is saturated with water vapor, then air movement does not provide a cooling effect. Strong wind interferes with breathing, disrupting its normal rhythm and increasing the load on the respiratory muscles. This can cause unfavorable reflex reactions and affect the activity of the heart, etc. When there is a headwind, it is necessary to give the exhaled air a speed that exceeds the force of the wind. When the wind is directed at the back, an obstacle to inhalation arises due to some vacuum created in the breathing zone: a person strives to inhale deeper in order to capture the air carried away from him. Moderate, thermally neutral wind has an invigorating, tonic effect; prolonged and stronger wind can cause agitation, worsen mood and aggravate the course of the disease, especially in patients suffering from nervous and cardiovascular diseases. A strong wind also affects the psyche with its noise. The hygienic importance of wind is that it helps to ventilate city streets, courtyards and enhance natural ventilation in rooms. In summer, the most favorable wind speed is 1-4 m/s. The irritating effect of wind occurs at speeds above 6-7 m/s. In residential premises it is considered normal to move air at a speed of 0.2-0.4 m/s; High speeds cause an unpleasant feeling of draft, and lower speeds indicate insufficient exchange with outside air. Still air does not have a refreshing effect, which appears even at a speed of less than 0.1 m/s. A clear example of the beneficial effect of air flows in rooms with elevated temperatures and significant humidity is the effect obtained from the use of room fans.

The speed of air movement also affects the distribution of harmful substances in the room, as well as the transfer of settled dust.

2. Prevention of the harmful effects of chemicals on the human body.

Harmful is a substance that, upon contact with the human body, causes industrial injuries, occupational diseases or health problems.

The degree and nature of disruptions to the normal functioning of the body caused by a substance depends on the route of entry into the body, dose, time of exposure, concentration of the substance, its solubility, the state of the receiving tissue and the body as a whole, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other environmental characteristics. 3

The effect of harmful substances on the body can result in anatomical damage, permanent or temporary disorders, and combined consequences. Many highly active harmful substances cause disruption of normal physiological activity in the body without noticeable anatomical damage, effects on the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, general metabolism, etc.

Harmful substances enter the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and through the skin. Substances most likely enter the body in the form of gas, steam and dust through the respiratory system (about 95% of all poisonings).

The release of harmful substances into the air is possible during technological processes and work related to the use, storage, transportation of chemicals and materials, their extraction and production.

Dust is the most common unfavorable factor in the industrial environment. Numerous technological processes and operations in industry, transport, and agriculture are accompanied by the formation and release of dust; large contingents of workers can be exposed to it.

Reducing the level of exposure to harmful substances on humans is carried out through technological, sanitary and technical, therapeutic and preventive measures using personal protective equipment.

Technological measures include such as the introduction of continuous technologies, automation and mechanization of production processes, remote control, sealing of equipment, replacement of hazardous technological processes and operations with less dangerous and safe ones.

Sanitary measures: equipping workplaces with local exhaust ventilation or portable local suction, covering equipment with continuous dust-proof casings with effective air aspiration, etc. 4

When technological, sanitary and technical measures do not completely eliminate the presence of harmful substances in the air, there are no methods and instruments for their control, treatment and preventive measures are carried out: organization and conduct of preliminary and periodic medical examinations, breathing exercises, alkaline inhalations, provision of treatment and preventive food and milk, etc.

In these cases, special attention should be paid to the use of personal protective equipment, primarily for respiratory protection (filtering and insulating gas masks, respirators, safety glasses, special clothing).

3. Sanitary requirements for the manufacture of medicines in pharmacies.

The pharmacy is one of the institutions of the healthcare system, the main function of which is the timely supply of the population and health care facilities with medicines, patient care items, sanitary items and other medical goods. During production and storage, strict adherence to hygienic conditions is necessary.

At production of medicines under aseptic conditionsmedicinal substances are stored in cabinets, in tightly closed cabinets. The rods are washed and sterilized before each filling.

The auxiliary material is prepared, sterilized and stored in closed containers for no more than 3 days. Opened materials are used within 24 hours. After each collection of material, the bix is ​​tightly closed. The collection is made with sterile tweezers.

After appropriate processing, pharmaceutical glassware is used for its intended purpose or sealed and stored in tightly closed cabinets. The shelf life of sterile containers used for preparing and packaging medicines under aseptic conditions is no more than 24 hours.

Large-capacity cylinders are disinfected after washing by steaming with live steam for 30 minutes. After processing, the containers are closed with sterile stoppers and stored in cabinets for no more than 24 hours. 5

Closure material (stoppers, caps, etc.) is processed and stored under conditions that prevent contamination.

Removable parts of technological equipment that are in direct contact with a solution of medicinal substances (rubber and glass tubes, filter holders, membrane microfilters, gaskets, etc.) are processed, sterilized and stored in the modes described in the documentation for the use of the relevant equipment.

Concentrated solutions, semi-finished products, in-pharmacy preparations are prepared under aseptic conditions and stored in accordance with their physical and chemical properties and established expiration dates under conditions that prevent their contamination.

At production of non-sterile dosage formsmedicinal substances are stored in the pharmacy in tightly closed containers under conditions that prevent their contamination. Bars used for storing medicinal substances are washed and sterilized before filling.

Auxiliary materials and closures used in the manufacture and packaging of medicines are prepared, sterilized and stored.

Before use, pharmaceutical glassware is washed, dried, and sterilized. The shelf life of sterile containers is no more than 3 days.

Small mechanization tools used in the manufacture and packaging of medicines are washed and disinfected according to the instructions attached to them. If there are no instructions, at the end of the work they are disassembled, the working parts are cleaned of residual medicinal substances, washed with hot (50-60C) water, and then disinfected or sterilized depending on the properties of the material from which they are made. After disinfection, the product is washed with hot water, rinsed with purified water and stored in conditions that prevent contamination.

At the beginning and end of the shift, scales, spatulas, scissors and other small pharmaceutical equipment are wiped with a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide or an alcohol-ether mixture (1:1).

Burette units and pipettes are freed from concentrates at least once every 10 days and washed with hot water (50-60C) with a suspension of mustard powder or a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide with 0.5% detergent, then washed with purified water with mandatory control of wash water for residual amounts of detergents. Before starting work, the drain taps of burette installations are cleaned of deposits of salts, solutions, extracts, tinctures and wiped with an alcohol-ether mixture (1:1).

After each measuring or weighing of the medicinal substance, the neck and stopper of the rod, as well as hand scales, are wiped with a gauze napkin. The napkin is used only once.

Funnels for filtering or straining liquid medicines, as well as mortars with powder or ointment mass, are covered with plastic plates, which are pre-disinfected, before hanging and placing in containers. Plastic plates are used to remove ointments and powders from mortars. Cardboard is not used. After making ointments, the remaining fat is removed using cardboard or paper, then the mortars are washed and sterilized.

Paper and wax capsules, spatulas, threads, rubber bands and others used for work are stored in the drawers of the assistant (packing) table (the drawers are washed daily). Auxiliary materials are stored in closed cabinets under conditions that prevent contamination.

The pharmacy conducts quarterly tests from the Central Control

analytical laboratory.

During the study, a bacteriological examination protocol is left, as well as a purified water analysis protocol. After completing the study, a conclusion is made about the compliance of the analyzes with the orders of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

4. The use of ionizing radiation in industry and medicine: open and closed sources of ionizing radiation.

Ionizing radiation is any radiation that directly or indirectly causes ionization of a medium.

Ionizing radiation can be electromagnetic and corpuscular. 6

The biological impact of ionizing radiation on a living organism primarily depends on the absorbed radiation energy.

The scope of ionizing radiation is very wide:

In industry, these are giant reactors for nuclear power plants, for desalination of sea and saline water, for the production of transuranium elements; they are also used in activation analysis to quickly determine impurities in alloys, metal in ore, coal quality, etc.; for automation of various processes, such as: measurement of liquid level, density and humidity of the environment, layer thickness;

In transport, these are powerful reactors for surface and submarine ships;

In agriculture, these are installations for mass irradiation of vegetables in order to protect them from mold, meat from spoilage; breeding new varieties through genetic mutations;

In geology, this is neutron logging for oil exploration, activation analysis for searching and sorting metal ores, to determine the mass fraction of impurities in natural diamonds;

In medicine, this is the study of industrial poisoning using the tagged atom method, diagnosis of disease using activation analysis, the tagged atom method and radiography, treatment of tumors with i-rays and I-particles, sterilization of pharmaceuticals, clothing, medical instruments and equipment with i-radiation, etc. d.

The development of radiation diagnostic methods in medicine in recent years generally shows a tendency towards their qualitative progress and the expansion of diagnostic capabilities. This is primarily due to technical advances, among which mention should be made of the widespread introduction into practice of various new detectors and X-ray information carriers, non-ionic X-ray contrast agents, research methods, including digital subtraction radiography, computer X-ray, magnetic resonance and emission tomography, computer scintigraphy , thermography and ultrasound

The use of ionizing radiation occurs even in areas of human activity where, at first glance, it seems completely unexpected. For example, in archaeology. In addition, ionizing radiation is used in forensic science (photo restoration and material processing). 7

Facilities where ionizing radiation is used can be divided into several groups (not counting specific naval facilities with nuclear power plants): chemical troops, chemical service facilities (stationary and mobile repair and calibration workshops, radioactive substance storage facilities); objects of military units, enterprises and construction organizations that use ionizing radiation for production purposes (industrial gamma and X-ray flaw detection, radioisotope devices of various types and purposes); facilities of medical and preventive institutions (X-ray diagnostic rooms and departments, radiation therapy departments, radioisotope diagnostics, radon clinics).

Closed radiation sources are non-renewable industrial products that continuously consume their resources and cannot be repaired. After the end of the designated service life or if operating conditions are violated, the use of the source or its storage must be stopped. Depending on the specific conditions of its operation and technical condition, the competent commission may decide to extend the operation of the source for a certain period. 8

The tightness control of closed radiation sources must be carried out in the manner and within the time limits established by the relevant standards and technical documentation. The use of sealed radiation sources is not allowed if their seal is broken.

When working with open sources of radiation, ventilation and air purification devices must provide protection from radioactive contamination of the air in working premises and atmospheric air. Workrooms, fume hoods, boxes, canyons and other technological equipment must be arranged so that the air flow is directed from less polluted spaces to more polluted ones.

conclusions

Hygiene is one of the most ancient sciences. Elements of sanitary rules can be found in the historical documents of ancient slave states.

Hygiene is closely related to all medical sciences, as well as biology, physics, chemistry and socio-economic sciences. The tasks of hygiene include the scientific development of the foundations of preventive and ongoing sanitary supervision, the justification of sanitary measures to improve the health of populated areas, human working and leisure conditions, the protection of the health of children and adolescents, participation in the development of sanitary legislation, sanitary examination of the quality of food products and household items. One of the most important tasks of our time is the development of hygienic standards for the air of populated areas and industrial enterprises, water, food, materials from which clothing and footwear are made in order to create the most favorable conditions for maintaining health and preventing diseases, ensuring high performance and increasing life expectancy

In hygienic research, methods of physical and chemical study of the external environment (air, water, soil, food products, building materials, clothing and footwear), bacteriological, biochemical and clinical, demographic studies using sanitary statistics methods are used.

List of used literature

1. Dobroslavin A.P., Hygiene, Public Health Course, vol. 12, St. Petersburg, 2001.
2. Kardashenko V.N. “Hygiene of children and adolescents” Moscow, “Medicine” 2000.
3. Kondratiev V.G. “General hygiene”, publishing house “Medicine”, Moscow 2002.
4. Myakishev G.Ya. Elementary particles. M., Education, 2005.
5. General hygiene: textbook\ G.I. Rumyantsev, E.P. Vishnevskaya, T.A. Kozlova. M.: Medicine, 2005.
6. Rumyantsev G.I., Vishnevskaya E.P., Kozlova T.A. General hygiene. M.: Medicine, 2005. 432 p.

1 Khlopin G.V., Fundamentals of Hygiene, vol. 12, M., 2005.

2 Laptev A.P., Polievsky S.A. Hygiene: Textbook for institutes and technical schools of physics. Cultures.-M.: 2005.

3 Erisman F.F., Hygiene course, vol. 13, M., 2004

4 Dobroslavin A.P., Hygiene, Public Health Course, vol. 12, St. Petersburg, 2001

5 Loginova R.A., Novikova I.M. Guide to practical exercises in hygiene. M.: Medicine, 2006. 184 p.

6 Kudryashov Yu.B., Berenfeld B.S. Radiation biophysics, M., 2001.

7 Myakishev G.Ya. Elementary particles. M., Education, 2005

8 Klimov A. N. Nuclear physics and nuclear reactors. M.: Atomizdat, 2001.

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A test to assess the level of knowledge for students in the program of Pasechnik V.V. (textbook 8th grade. Biology. Man. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N.) in the Unified State Exam format is carried out upon completion of the course at 8 class. The test work consists of three parts: tasks with multiple answers - part A (20 tasks), tasks with a short answer - part B (5 tasks) and tasks with a detailed answer - part C (3 tasks).

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A test to assess the level of knowledge for students in the program of Pasechnik V.V. (textbook 8th grade. Biology. Man. Kolesov D.V., Mash R.D., Belyaev I.N.) in the Unified State Exam format is carried out upon completion of the course at 8 class. The test work consists of three parts: tasks with multiple answers - part A (20 tasks), tasks with a short answer - part B (5 tasks) and tasks with a detailed answer - part C (3 tasks). Completion time: 90 minutes.

When compiling the tests, the following literature was used:

1. Biology. 8-11 grades. Man and his health. Preparation for the Unified State Exam and GIA-9. Thematic tests, training tasks: educational and methodological manual / Kirilenko A.A. – Rostov n/a: Legion, 2013
2. GIA - 2014: Examination in a new form: Biology: 9th grade: Training versions of examination papers for the state final certification in a new form / author.-comp. V.S. Rokhlov (and others) - Moscow: AST: Astrel, 2014. FIPI.
3. Didactic material on anatomy, physiology and hygiene. A manual for biology teachers and students. / authors: Nikishov A.I., Rokhlov V.S. - Moscow. "RAUB" 1995.

Option 1

Part A.

A1. The science that studies life processes in living organisms:

A) anatomy b) genetics c) physiology d) psychology

A2. Select similarities between humans and mammals:

a) the presence of an auricle b) upright posture c) the cerebral part of the skull predominates over the facial part d) speech as a means of communication

A3. What cellular structure are we talking about: transmits information to daughter cells using chromosomes during division:

a) mitochondria b) lysosome c) nucleus d) cell center

A4. The musculoskeletal system consists of:

a) bones and muscles b) muscles and tendons c) muscles d) bones

A5. Blood relates to tissues:

a) nervous b) muscular c) connective d) epithelial

A6. What function do platelets perform?

a) carry oxygen b) destroy microbes c) produce antibodies d) participate in blood clotting

A7. In arterial bleeding, blood

a) bright scarlet color, flows out in a pulsating stream b) cherry color, flows out in a smooth stream c) bright scarlet color, flows out smoothly, without jolts d) cherry color, flows out in a pulsating stream

A8. A disease of the respiratory system that is not transmitted by airborne droplets:

A) tuberculosis b) tonsillitis c) decompression sickness d) influenza

A9. In the digestive tract, proteins are broken down into

a) amino acids b) nucleotides c) glucose d) glycerol

A10) Hypofunction of the pituitary gland:

A) dwarfism b) Graves' disease c) hypoglycemia d) myxedema

A11. The structural and functional unit of the kidney is

a) cortex b) renal pelvis c) medulla d) nephron

A12. The nervous system does not perform the function:

a) transport of nutrients b) nervous regulation c) connection of the body with the external environment D) coordinated activity of organs

A13. Damage to the sensory nerves in the fingers causes a person to

a) will not be able to move his fingers voluntarily b) will not be able to clench his hand into a fist

c) will not feel the touch of a cold object d) will not be able to hold the object with his hand

A14. Responsible for coordination of movements

a) cerebellum b) medulla oblongata c) diencephalon d) midbrain

A15. Which part of the organ of vision performs the following function: refracts and focuses light rays, has accommodation?

A) retina b) pupil c) vitreous d) lens

A16. The eardrum is located

a) on the border between the middle and inner ear b) between the incus and stapes

c) between the cochlea and the vestibular apparatus d) on the border between the outer and middle ear

A17. Select the reasons that prevent you from falling asleep:

A) daily routine b) familiar environment c) feeling of hunger d) fatigue

A18. The production of saliva when food enters the mouth is an example

a) conditioned reflex b) unconditioned reflex c) elementary rational activity c) inhibition

A19. How to avoid getting infected with AIDS:

A) by airborne droplets b) by blood transfusion c) by breastfeeding d) sexually

A20. Bile enters

a) duodenum b) stomach c) esophagus d) cecum

Part B.

IN 1. Determine the systematic position of humans as a biological species by arranging the taxa in the correct sequence, starting with the phylum.

A) Humans B) Homo sapiens C) Placentals D) Mammals E) People

E) Vertebrates G) Chordata H) Primates

AT 2. Choose three correct answers out of six given

Red blood cells - blood cells

1) spherical 2) disc-shaped 3) multinucleated 4) containing hemoglobin 5) living on average up to 100-120 days 6) involved in blood clotting

Q3. Establish the correct sequence of biological processes, phenomena, and practical actions.

Establish the sequence of stages of digestion.

A) mechanical processing of food in the oral cavity

B) breakdown of carbohydrates under the action of salivary enzymes

B) mixing food with gastric juice

D) breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins and fats into elemental organic compounds

D) removing undigested food debris from the body

E) absorption of nutrients into the blood and lymph

AT 4. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the organs and their location. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

Part C.

C1. A man's ears are blocked. What needs to be done and why?

C2. Explain why when the temperature drops, a person trembles and his skin becomes goosey.

C3 . The human heart is located in the pericardial sac. This is a densely woven formation. The walls of the bursa secrete fluid that moisturizes the heart. What role does she play?

Final test in biology grade 8

Option 2

Part A.

A1 The science of creating conditions favorable for maintaining human health, of the proper organization of work and rest:

A) ecology b) hygiene c) embryology d) cytology

A2. Select the differences between humans and mammals:

a) lower jaw with a protruding chin b) division of teeth c) auricle d) feeding the young with milk

A3. What is the function of the cell membrane?

a) participates in cell division b) protein synthesis

c) exchange of substances between cells and intercellular substance d) self-cleaning of the cell

A4. The walls of internal organs are made of muscle tissue:

A) skeletal b) smooth c) cardiac c) striated

A5. The anterior transparent part of the tunica albuginea (sclera) is:

a) iris b) vitreous c) orbit d) cornea

A6. An adult's teeth

a) 12 b) 24 c) 32 d) 46

A7. The main organ of the excretory system is(are)

a) bladder b) kidneys c) urinary canal d) ureters

A8. The auditory ossicles in the middle ear are

a) stapes and malleus b) incus and stapes

c) tympanic membrane, malleus and incus

d) malleus, incus and stapes

A9. Nerve cells are called:

a) axons b) neurons c) dendrites d) synapses

A10. Coordination of voluntary movements, maintaining body position in space, regulation of muscle tone and balance are the functions:

a) forebrain b) medulla oblongata

C) cerebellum d) midbrain

A11. The ability of the heart to contract under the influence of impulses arising within itself:

A) irritability b) cardiac cycle c) automaticity d) blood supply

A12. The internal environment of the body is formed by:

a) blood and lymph b) tissue fluid and blood c) lymph and tissue fluid

d) tissue fluid, blood and lymph

A13. Gas exchange occurs in:

a) larynx b) nasopharynx c) lungs d) bronchi

A14. Biological catalysts under the influence of which food breakdown occurs are:

a) vitamins b) hormones c) enzymes d) substrates

A15. The absence of which vitamin in the body causes scurvy?

a) A b) B 1 c) C d) D

A16. What is the name of the reservoir in the kidney that collects urine?

a) bladder b) renal pelvis c) renal calyx d) ureter

A17. Diabetes mellitus develops when there is insufficient production of the hormone:

a) insulin b) growth c) norepinephrine d) adrenaline

A18. Pancreatic juice is secreted into

a) duodenum b) stomach

c) esophagus d) intestines

A19. The vestibular apparatus is located in

A20. The visual area is located in…. lobe of the cerebral hemispheres.

A) temporal b) occipital c) frontal d) parietal

Part B

IN 1. Establish the sequence of arrangement of bones in the skeleton of the upper limb, starting with the phalanges of the fingers

A) phalanges of the fingers B) humerus C) radius D) wrist E) ulna

E) metacarpus

AT 2. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

AT 3. Match

Features of digestion

A) mechanical processing of food occurs 1) oral cavity

B) incomplete breakdown of proteins occurs 2) stomach

C) incomplete breakdown of carbohydrates occurs

D) the food bolus turns into a semi-liquid pulp

D) enzymes are active in a slightly alkaline environment

E) enzymes are active in an acidic environment

AT 4. Choose three correct answers out of six given

Leukocytes are blood cells that

1. protect the body from pathogens
2. carry oxygen
3. have a core
4. formed in red bone marrow
5. formed in yellow bone marrow
6. participate in blood clotting

AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the types of reflexes and their features. To do this, select a position from the second column for each element of the first column. Enter the numbers of the selected answers in the table.

Part C

C1 . Explain why a decrease in hemoglobin in the blood (anemia) causes weakness and dizziness.

C2. What are the functions of human skin? Specify at least 4 functions.

C3. Why are gastrointestinal infections called “diseases of dirty hands”? What is their prevention?

Final test in biology grade 8

Option 3

Part A.

A1. What science studies the external and internal structure of the human body and its features: height, weight, body proportions?

a) anatomy b) valeology c) hygiene d) physiology

A2. Modern people include

a) Australopithecus b) Cro-Magnon c) Neanderthal d) Pithecanthropus

A3. ...bones are movably connected to each other

a) tibia and tibia b) femoral and pelvic

c) ulnar and radial d) parietal and temporal

A4. The central nervous system is formed

a) brain and spinal cord b) neurons and processes

c) nerves and ganglia d) spinal and cranial nerves

A5. After what illness does lasting immunity develop?

a) tonsillitis b) bronchitis c) chickenpox d) influenza

A6. Blood does NOT transport

a) hormones b) nutrients c) metabolic products d) enzymes

A7. The systemic circulation ends at

a) left ventricle b) left atrium c) right ventricle d) right atrium

A8. A respiratory organ shaped like a funnel, in the mucous membrane of which there are receptors that respond to solid, liquid and gaseous substances.

a) bronchi b) pharynx c) larynx d) trachea

A9. The main excretory organs are

a) lungs b) ureters c) sweat glands d) kidneys

A10. As a result of reabsorption (reabsorption) is formed

a) secondary urine b) lymph c) primary urine d) tissue fluid

A11. NOT applicable to the optical system of the eyes

a) ciliary body b) cornea c) vitreous body d) lens

A12. The factor that most influences human health is

a) medical and social assistance b) heredity c) lifestyle

d) environment

A13. Sometimes a child, tired during the day, suddenly begins to jump, laugh, and be capricious, as ..... inhibition develops in his cerebral cortex.

a) external b) beyond c) constant d) conditional

A14. The section of the digestive system in which cavity and parietal digestion occurs is

a) stomach b) duodenum c) large intestine d) small intestine

A15. The vestibular apparatus is located in (in):

a) inner ear b) outer ear c) auditory tube d) middle ear

A16. In humans, male reproductive cells are formed in

a) prostate gland b) testes

C) seminal vesicles d) vas deferens

A17. Lack of physical activity is

a) hypoglycemia b) physical inactivity c) hypokinesia d) hypoxia

A18. The “disease of dirty hands” includes:

a) influenza b) dysentery c) AIDS d) angina pectoris

A19. To prevent helminthiasis it is necessary

a) avoid contact with sick people b) follow a diet

c) wash vegetables and fruits thoroughly

d) eat canned foods

a) bronchus b) larynx c) trachea d) pharynx

Part B

IN 1. Establish the sequence of actions for providing first aid in case of loss of consciousness.

1) raise your legs

2) put the victim on his back

3) press your index finger on the point at the nasal septum

4) unbutton the collar of your clothes, loosen the belt

5) call an ambulance

6) bring a cotton swab moistened with ammonia to your nose

AT 2. Indicate the features characteristic of arteries. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

1) the walls are thick 2) the speed of movement is minimal

3) the total cross-sectional area is small

4) blood pressure is low 5) single-layer walls

6) blood pressure is high

AT 3. Match blood cells with their characteristics

AT 4. Choose three correct answers from the six given.

Reflexes are unconditional.

1. congenital
2. manifested in response to strictly defined external stimuli
3. partially or completely disappearing over time
4. acquired during life
5. permanent and not fading throughout life
6. for the formation of which two stimuli are required

Q5.Choose three correct answers from the six proposed.

The urinary system includes:

1) liver 2) kidneys 3) spleen 4) ureters

5) bladder 6) pancreas

Part C

C1. What needs to be done to prevent airborne diseases?

C2 . If diphtheria microbes are added to a test tube with the blood of a person who has had diphtheria, they will die, but if they are added to the blood of a person who has not had this disease, this will not happen. Why?

C3 . What are the functions of the human circulatory system? Specify at least 4 functions.