Rules for writing the letter e in Russian. Is the letter E necessary in the Russian language? Spelling of E and Yo in the last name and first name according to the law

Once upon a time, “Yati” and “Eri”, Fita and Izhitsa left our alphabet relatively painlessly - as if they never existed at all. A slight nostalgia jumps in, perhaps, when you see a sign like “Tavern”, and then among older people, young people - up to the lantern.

But as for the letter “Y” in the rules of the Russian language, there is a whole epic here, and it would not be a sin to recall its key points. “History of the issue” - as they usually say in scientific circles.

The wine went to my head!

The honor of discovery and introduction and the wide use of this letter are shared between the associate of Catherine II, Princess Elizaveta Romanovna Dashkova (she is also the President of the Imperial Academy) and Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin - poet, publicist, historian. By the way, in Ulyanovsk - Karamzin’s homeland - there was even a monument to this letter. Dashkova, at one of the Academy meetings, openly “pushed” the expediency of introducing this letter, but another 12 years passed before the letter appeared in print.

Strictly speaking, Karamzin’s close friend (and also a poet) Ivan Ivanovich Dmitriev was the first to use it, and Karamzin sanctified it with his authority. This happened in 1795-1796. According to the widespread version, Dashkova decided on the innovation, being a lover of a fizzy drink, the famous French champagne brand Moët & Chandon. Those very notorious dots above the letter “e” are there.

Scrape out the very spirit!

Not to say that everyone followed Dashkova and Karamzin. The archaists and Old Believers did not want to give up their positions so easily. Thus, the former admiral A.S. Shishkov, who headed the society “Conversation of Lovers of Russian Literature” - a man, of course, of great civil and personal courage, but absolutely devoid of linguistic flair, went to extremes, demanding both a ban on all foreign words in the Russian language and personally erasing the hated dots in each of the books that caught my eye.

From poets to generalissimos

However, linguistic conservatism was not unique to Shishkov: Russian poets (Marina Tsvetaeva, Andrei Bely, Alexander Blok) stubbornly continued to write “zholty” and “black”. The Bolsheviks did not touch Yo, which was the last one in the pre-revolutionary alphabet, issuing a decree according to which its writing was recognized as “desirable, but not obligatory.”

This continued until the Great Patriotic War, when maximum accuracy was required in the names of settlements on maps. Stalin personally issued a decree on the widespread use of Yo. Of course, after his death there was a rollback. And today there is absolutely “confusion and vacillation.”

They want to completely destroy it!

On one of the Internet resources, Yo is contemptuously called “under-letter,” which sounds good, but, they say, looks bad. Its widespread use is called violence against the reading public.

And it’s not so bad that Yo’s keyboard has a strange place in the upper left corner. There are obvious distortions in the spelling of both proper names (Lev instead of Lev, Montesquieu instead of Montesquieu, Fet instead of Fet) and settlements (Pyongyang instead of Pyongyang, Königsberg instead of Königsberg). And what a hassle and headache for passport officers when Eremenko turns out to be Eremenko, and not only Natalia turns out to be Natalia!

Let's calmly figure it out!

We will not take the side of the “yofikators” (supporters of the widespread use of this letter) or their opponents on the issue of “writing e or ё”. Let's remember the rule of the “golden mean” and consider the basic rules for using Ё in modern written and printed texts. Moreover, linguists managed to reach a compromise and consolidate it in a special document - “Rules for Spelling and Punctuation of the Russian Language.”

Firstly, even if in the Russian language there is no rule about a clearly fixed stress, unlike, say, Italian or French, there is almost always an exception to every rule, and in this case it concerns the letter E, which is always found in a striking position.

Secondly, in books for preschoolers and textbooks for primary school students, Yo is mandatory - after all, children are still learning and comprehending all the basics of linguistic wisdom and there is no need to complicate this process for them.

Thirdly, Yo will appear in manuals for foreigners learning Russian.

Fourthly, when it is not entirely clear to us which part of speech is meant, when the general meaning of a word can be perceived erroneously (chalk or chalk, bucket or pail, all or everything, sky or palate), writing Ё will become a lifesaver.

Fifthly, Yo is written in geographical names, toponyms, surnames, proper names: Olekma, Veshenskaya, Neyolova, etc.

Sixthly, E is required when we are dealing with an unfamiliar, possibly borrowed word (for example, surfing). It will also help indicate the correct stress in this word. This is how you kill two birds with one stone!

Finally, seventhly, dictionaries, reference books, encyclopedias - specialized literature - are not just allowed, but required.

In general, you should gradually develop a sense of language and adhere to the following rule: if the E is not dotted and this distorts the meaning of the word, we dot it. Otherwise, we vary E and E.

I came across something beautiful. A few years ago, a site user asked a fair question: Why is the letter “ё” insulted in the Russian language and they write “e” instead? The editor-in-chief of the website gramota.ru, Vladimir Pakhomov, hastened to explain, writing a lengthy text to justify this discrimination.

Remembering the wisdom that the most interesting things are comments on comments, let me comment on Mr. Pakhomov’s judgments LINE BY LINE,

Can I ask you a counter question: why do we offend the day of February 29? Why doesn’t it happen here every year? Most likely, you will answer this way: no one offends this day, it’s just unique: it happens only once every 4 years, this is its peculiarity, this is how the calendar is built.

The same goes for the letter “e”. This letter is unique, its peculiarity is that (unlike the other 32 letters of the Russian alphabet) its use in some cases is mandatory, but in others it is not.

This is an ignorant statement intended for an amateur audience. There cannot be a letter in the alphabet that is "optional" because the alphabet is used to sort words. It is not possible to sort by letter, which is “optional”. In fact, when sorting Russian words, “ё” is taken into account as a diacritic variety of “e”, which is what it really is. Until this practice is eradicated, the Russian language does not and will not have the letter “ё”, but only the diacritic combination of “e” and umlaut.

The letter “ё” must be printed in dictionaries, in books for children, in textbooks for primary schoolchildren and foreigners studying the Russian language. It is recommended to write “е” in first names, surnames, geographical names, as well as in cases where the word may be misread: “all” or “everything”, “sky” or “palate”.

As for writing “ё” in proper names, it is a sound recommendation and, in fact, forced, due to numerous legal problems when the surname of the same person is written differently in different documents: with “ё” or with “e”. But this instruction was issued by the Ministry of Education and Science only in 2007. There is no such recommendation in the (still in force) rules of 1956. During this time, they managed to produce “Angstroms” and “Montesquieus” in such numbers that now they cannot be cleared away before the second coming of Christ.

In other words, the letter “е” should always be written when there is a possibility that without it the text may be incomprehensible. In other cases, the letter ё may not be written.

Actually, the rules dictate something else. The letter “е” is supposed to be used in “little-known” words (and not because the text may be “incomprehensible,” but because it may be misread). It is not very nice of the editor-in-chief of gramota.ru, when answering questions from readers, to mislead them regarding the actual content of the rules.

A competent native speaker of Russian will not make a mistake and will read correctly the word that you just read correctly, although it is written without the letter “ё” (“will be mistaken”).

What an elegant substitution of a “thesis”! Of course, it is in the word “wrong” that the probability of being read incorrectly by a native speaker is close to zero. But does everyone know how to “correctly” read “faded”, “obscene”, “scam”, “being”, “shogun”? (A separate question is whether all of those who know the standard pronunciation actually follow it?) One can, of course, declare “illiterate” any native speaker who has not learned the spelling dictionary by heart, but such speakers are found only in a spherical vacuum. It is enough to give an example that the name “Lev” was pronounced in the past as “lёv” (including in the case of Leo Tolstoy), which is why the forms “Leva” and “Lyovushka” are still preserved, but precisely under the influence of spelling with an “e” changed in a couple of generations the pronunciation to match the graphic form. Although it would seem that it was common knowledge among literate native speakers...

It is important to emphasize: all this is not fantasy or someone’s whim. These are the rules. The cases of mandatory use of the letter “е” and the possibility of its optional (optional) use are clearly stated in the current spelling rules. The spellings “hedgehog”, “tree”, “mistake” correspond to the rules of Russian spelling, this is a fundamental point.

Unfortunately, there is no trace of “clarity” in the rules. As already noted, the rules require the use of “е” in “little-known words.” But the criterion of “obscureness” is completely subjective. Even for an individual author, the list of “little-known” words will be different at every moment of his life. It is no coincidence that this rule has always been sabotaged in publishing practice. It is in principle impossible to comply with in a consistent manner.

You can ask a second question: why not state in the rules that the letter “e” must always be written – period? I will answer this too, although the answer will be long. It must be admitted that linguists have been arguing about the letter “e” for more than two hundred years. And there are always more arguments against writing the letter “e” in all cases than arguments for it.

What kind of arguments and from which linguists? Very interesting.

But not because linguists are so evil and hate the poor letter “e”.

It seems that they are still evil, since all further text expresses subjective hostility, and not rational arguments.

It’s just that this letter (few people think about this, but it’s true, and scientists have been paying attention to it for a long time) by its very outline is uncharacteristic of Russian writing! The letter “е” would fit perfectly, for example, in the German language (where there are letters ä, ö, ü). The Russian alphabet is unusual for letters with different dots, checkmarks, tails and similar icons.

So the problem is “what”? Is it wrong to introduce foreign diacritics into the sanctuary of the Russian alphabet? So let's replace the umlaut with the title. Or to the chamber. Unless, of course, that's the only question. If philologists have such a dislike for “uncharacteristic” letters, might it be better to return to the pre-Petrine, Church Slavonic Cyrillic alphabet? Otherwise, they brought in a lot of “uncharacteristic” things. By the way, what about the ticks and tails in Old Church Slavonic?

But what about “th”, “shch” and “ts”, you ask.

Yes, we'll ask.

There is a significant difference here. We started publishing relatively recently, and before that we wrote.

But how tightly we got hooked on this matter.

And the letter “е” is the only one (!) that requires three separate techniques: 1) write “e”; 2) put one point; 3) put the second point.

Yes, it’s a gigantic effort. Cooler than drawing a hieroglyph. How do the Germans cope? Or the French? Will they have more work?

There are no other such letters in the Russian alphabet: when writing “šch” and “ts” you do not need to lift the pen from the paper, but the letter “y” requires two separate techniques. And when reading, the eye “stumbles” over these points.

The eye must “stumble” in order to distinguish “e” from “e”, just as it distinguishes “th” from “i” by the tail, and “sh” from “sh” (although the tail in the latter case is not very effective ).

In other words, the choice of such a design for the letter “e” was, in general, initially unsuccessful.

Not without it. It would be better to use not a diacritic combination, but an independent letter that is not similar to anything else. Then it would not be possible to write “e” instead of “e”, as it is now. But why the choice was this way is not a great secret. No one officially introduced a new letter into the alphabet. And using a letter in the alphabet that is not officially there would be too radical for most authors, even for those who considered this letter necessary. Therefore, they came up with adding, as a diacritic, an umlaut to one of the existing letters.

“In the general system of Russian writing, which has almost no superscripts... the letter “ё” is a very burdensome and, apparently, therefore unsympathetic exception.” This is what our famous linguist A. Shapiro wrote in the middle of the 20th century, trying to explain why, during the one and a half (by that time) centuries of existence of “ё” in the Russian alphabet, it was never perceived by native speakers as obligatory.

The letter “е” was burdensome only for typists, who at some point were required to use it, but were not given new typewriters with the “e” key. Everything else is the personal fantasies of linguist Shapiro. Didn’t he really know that until 1942 there was NO letter “ё” in the Russian alphabet??? If one of the kings issued a decree to include the letter “ё” in the alphabet, it would instantly become mandatory. But the tsars did not issue such decrees, even Comrade Stalin did not issue them, although he finally gave philologists a kick in the right direction. Until 1942, dotting the “e” was a private initiative of authors and publishers. It goes without saying that private initiative could not be obligatory for everyone else.

The point here is not laziness, sloppiness or ignorance of the rules.

And in laziness, too, in many cases. “е” is inconveniently located on a computer keyboard, and on screen keyboards it may not be there at all. If you correct this, you will immediately become much less lazy.

Simply, with the approval of an inconvenient letter, native speakers were faced with a choice of two evils: never write the letter “е” badly: some words may be misunderstood. But always writing “ё” is also bad: it’s inconvenient for the writer (three separate techniques), it’s inconvenient for the reader (the eye will constantly cling to superscripts that are uncharacteristic of Russian writing).

Once again, what catches the eye on the umlaut is precisely convenience. It’s the tail of the letter “sch” that doesn’t cling well, so when reading it’s easy to confuse “sh” and “sch”. It is not comfortable. Now let's watch our hands. In 1956, the Academy of Sciences prohibited the use of the letter “е” in most contexts. Sixty years later (i.e., two generations later), Mr. Pakhomov concludes that colons above “е” are “uncharacteristic” for the Russian language. So maybe if they hadn’t banned it, but at least didn’t interfere with its use, it would have been typical long ago? And again we read, following Shapiro, thoughtful discussions about why the letter “ё” has not taken root in the Russian language. What is the reason why this letter “does not fit into it”? An entire dissertation could be written on this complex issue.

But the first of these “evils” does not always turn out to be such an “evil”: there are relatively few cases when, due to the failure to spell “e”, a word can be read incorrectly.

So native speakers prefer to dodge the “evil” of the second – inconvenient superscripts.

If you think like this, you need to “dodge” soft signs. It’s inconvenient to write an extra letter, isn’t it? In the word “horse”, yes, you need to write a soft sign so as not to confuse it with the word “kon”. And in the word “horse” there is definitely an extra symbol. Why don't carriers dodge? Yes, because the rules do not allow them such liberties. And in the case of “ё” they not only allow, but also directly prescribe. Therefore, there is no need to make up fairy tales about people’s motivation. When it comes to spelling, almost everyone is a conformist. As they are told, so they write.

Understanding all this, linguists proposed a middle ground: if, due to the absence of “e”, a word can be misunderstood, we write this letter (“everything”, not “everything”).

The “golden mean” in this case is like being a little pregnant. The choice between a required letter and an optional diacritic is binary. Sorting either takes “е” into account as a letter, or it doesn’t.

If the absence of “е” does not affect reading in any way (“hedgehog”), the letter “е” need not be written. Seems like a perfectly reasonable approach

When it seems, you should be baptized, and not write scientific-like heresy.

Terekhina Sophia

Project Manager:

Suntsova Elena Andreevna

Institution:

MBOU "Sivinskaya secondary school" Perm region

IN research work on the Russian language “Do we need the letter “ё”” A 2nd grade elementary school student is studying the changes that the Russian language has undergone after the letters “e” and “ё” were equated to each other. Is the letter "ё" important in Russian?

The Russian language project "Do we need the letter "ё"" in elementary school highlights the problem of the decline of the letter "ё" in writing and examines the consequences we face when two letters merge - from the distortion of original titles and names, to problems with official documents .

The author of the work on the Russian language “Do we need the letter “ё”” studies the theoretical basis of the issue, the causes of the problem and shares some facts on the topic. In the practical part of the study, a 2nd grade student conducts an experiment and survey among primary and secondary school students.

Introduction
1. From the history of the letter “е”
2. Why is the letter “е” optional and why is it replaced with “e”?
2.1 The reason for the optionalness of the letter “ё”
2.2 Some colon facts
3. Why do we need the letter “e”?
3.1 Research of educational and fiction literature
3.2 Conducting the experiment
3.3 Survey results
3.4 Opinion of classmates and the public
Conclusion
Literature
Applications

Introduction

Touch your tongue to the SKY, - the speech therapist writes in the notebook.
I would seriously like to understand, What is this: a joke, really, nonsense?
Here’s an SMS from a friend – I read it carefully:
- THE TOPIC has a new interest, - I don’t know what the topic is.
A friend wrote on ICQ: - Come, LAZY, help!
Apparently, this friend got up on the wrong foot this morning!
Some kind of absurdity, it is impossible to understand it,
But everything will change soon: Happy E Day, friends!

My work is dedicated to one of the wonderful letters of Russian writing - the letter “ё”.

More than 200 years ago it entered the Russian language. None of the thirty-three letters of the Russian alphabet has generated as much controversy as the letter “ё”. The development of the Russian language has long proven the indisputable necessity of this letter.

But even now it is almost never used, increasingly being replaced by the letter “e”.

This is the case not only in the media (newspapers, magazines), but also in fiction and scientific literature, and even in Russian language textbooks for high school students. Younger schoolchildren do not always read well and the difference between letters is very significant for them and important in order to correctly read and understand the meaning of a word.

I wondered:“Is the letter “е” even necessary if it is almost never used?

Goal of the work - show its necessity using specific examples.

Tasks:

1. Study the literature on this topic.
2. Explore the history of the origin of the letter “ё”.
3. Prove the need to use the letter “е” in writing.

Hypothesis: Is it true that the letter “ is not used in writing? e"leads to a distortion of the Russian language?

Research methods:

1. analysis of the literature used;
2. conducting surveys;
3. processing of data obtained during the survey;
4. conducting an experiment.

Practical significance The research is that it can be used in Russian language lessons, in extracurricular activities, in circle classes and draws attention to the problems of the Russian language, introduces the history of the development of the Russian alphabet.

About the role of the Russian letter " e” will be the story in this work.

As you know, in the Russian language there is a letter e . However, not everyone and not everywhere install it. So what is the right thing to do, to write or not? Personally, I rarely write it, other authors always use it. Let's look into this issue.

Let's turn to stories. The combination of sounds and [o] after soft consonants was not indicated in writing for a long time. Only in the middle of the 18th century were they used for this purpose. IO under a common lid, but due to the cumbersome design, it was ignored by most literate people. Sometimes signs were also used o, yo, iô, ió, io.

On November 29 (18), 1783, one of the first meetings took place Russian Academy of Sciences, which was attended by E.R. Dashkova (Director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences), G.R. Derzhavin, D.I. Fonvizin, I.I. Lepyokhin, Ya.B. Prince, Metropolitan Gabriel and others. The project of the 6-volume “Dictionary of the Russian Academy” was discussed. And at the end of the meeting Dashkova I asked those present how they would spell the word “Christmas tree.” Having written “yolka”, she remarked: “Is it legal to represent one sound with two letters?” She further continued: “These reprimands have already been introduced by custom, which, when it does not contradict common sense, should be followed in every possible way.”, — and suggested entering the letter e. Thus, November 18 (November 29, New Style) 1784 year can be considered the letter's birthday e .

One of the first to use e started in personal correspondence Derzhavin. But only twelve years later the letter e appeared in a printed publication - in the poet’s book Ivan Dmitrieva“And my trinkets,” printed in 1795 at the Moscow University Printing House. Words meet there “everything”, “light”, “stump”, “immortal”, “cornflower”. In 1796, a poetic almanac was published in the same printing house "Aonids", published N.M. Karamzin. There with the letter e words printed “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears”, “flowed”. In 1798 G.R.Derzhavin published from e first surname: " Potemkin" However, in scientific works of that time the letter e still not used. For example, in "History of the Russian State" Karamzin (1816-29) letter " e " absent. Although until recently it was Karamzin who was considered the author of this innovation.

Unlike th , which was introduced into the alphabet in 1735 and was required to be used, the letter e was not considered a separate letter and was not included in the alphabet. In addition, throughout the 18th-19th centuries, “mocking” pronunciation was considered as “philistine”, “mean”. The speech of a cultured person was “cheeky”, “church”. Among the opponents e there were such famous figures as A.P. Sumarokov and V.K. Trediakovsky. Thus, its use was optional. Letter e was included in "New ABC" L.N. Tolstoy (1875) and took 31st place, between yat and “e”.

However, the letter e did not always convey the correct sound of words, especially those borrowed from French and German, since it softens the previous consonants. Therefore, at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, it was proposed to introduce the letter ӭ (uh with two dots). Sometimes it was also used for these purposes ö . In posthumous edition Dahl's dictionary in a number of cases, publishers dotted the issue.

On December 23, 1917 (January 5, 1918), a Decree was published, signed by the Soviet People's Commissar for Education A. V. Lunacharsky, which ordered “all government and state publications” from January 1 (Ol. Art.), 1918, to “be printed according to the new spelling.” It also said: “Recognize the use of the letter e as desirable, but not obligatory”. At the same time, in 1918, Bolshevik periodicals continued to use the old spelling and only switched to the new one in the fall.

It should be noted that work on spelling reform began at the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1904, a “Preliminary Report” was published regarding the reform of the Spelling Subcommittee at the Imperial Academy of Sciences, chaired by A. A. Shakhmatov. In 1911, a special meeting at the Academy of Sciences generally approved the work of the commission. The following year, 1912, a decree on the reform was published and some publications began to be published taking into account the new spelling. On May 11 (24), 1917, “Resolutions of the meeting on the issue of simplifying Russian spelling” were published. On May 17 (30), the Ministry of Public Education of the Provisional Government ordered an immediate reform of Russian spelling; another circular was issued on June 22 (July 5). Thus, the reform of the spelling of the Russian language was carried out even before the October Revolution.

On December 24, 1942, according to the order of the People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR, the mandatory use of the letter was introduced e at school, from now on it is officially included in the Russian alphabet. There is a legend that he personally had a hand in this Stalin. December 6, 1942 manager of the Council of People's Commissars Yakov Chadayev brought an order for signature in which the names of several generals were printed with the letter “e” rather than “e”. Stalin flew into a rage, and the very next day, December 7, 1942, the letter “e” appeared in all articles of the Pravda newspaper. For example: “Workers, collective farmers, Soviet intelligentsia! Strengthen your assistance to the front with selfless work! Sacredly fulfill your civic duty to your homeland and its valiant defenders at the front!”

However, the normative spelling rules were published only in 1956. At first, publishers used the letter e , but then began to use it only when necessary.

According to § 10 " Rules of Russian spelling and punctuation", operating since 1956, letter e is written in the following cases:

• When it is necessary to prevent incorrect reading and understanding of a word, for example: we recognize as opposed to learn; everything is different from everything; bucket as opposed to bucket; perfect (participle) as opposed to perfect (adjective), etc.
• When you need to indicate the pronunciation of a little-known word, for example: Olekma river.
• In special texts: primers, school textbooks of the Russian language, spelling textbooks, etc., as well as in dictionaries to indicate the place of stress and correct pronunciation.

Note. In foreign words, at the beginning of words and after vowels, instead of the letter ё, yo is written, for example; iodine, district, major.

According to § 5 new edition of these rules, approved by the Orthographic Commission of the Russian Academy of Sciences and published in 2006, the use of the letter e can be sequential or selective.

Consistent use of letters e mandatory in the following types of printed texts:

a) in texts with sequentially placed accent marks;
b) in books addressed to young children;
c) in educational texts for primary schoolchildren and foreigners studying the Russian language.

Note 1. Consistent use of ё is adopted for the illustrative part of these rules.

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Note 3. In dictionaries, words with the letter e are placed in the general alphabet with the letter e, for example: barely, unctuous, fir-tree, spruce, elozit, fir-tree, fir-tree, spruce; to have fun, to have fun, gaiety, cheerful, fun.

In ordinary printed texts the letter e used selectively. It is recommended to use it in the following cases.

1. To prevent incorrect identification of a word, for example: everything, sky, summer, perfect (in contrast to the words everything, sky, summer, perfect), including to indicate the place of stress in the word, for example: bucket, we recognize (unlike a bucket, let's find out).

2. To indicate the correct pronunciation of a word - either rare, not well known, or having a common incorrect pronunciation, e.g.: gyozy, surfing, fleur, harder, lye, including to indicate the correct stress, e.g.: fable, brought, carried away , convicted, newborn, spy.

3. In proper names - surnames, geographical names, for example: Konenkov, Neyolova, Catherine Deneuve, Schrödinger, Dezhnev, Koshelev, Chebyshev, Veshenskaya, Olekma.

In accordance with the Letter of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated 05/03/2007 No. AF-159/03 “On the decisions of the Interdepartmental Commission on the Russian Language”, it is required to write the letter “ё” in cases where the word may be misread, for example, in names own, since ignoring the letter “е” in this case is a violation of the Federal Law “On the State Language of the Russian Federation”.

The greatest inconvenience is optional use e delivers in jurisprudence. People often cannot register an inheritance because the surnames of relatives are often spelled with a different letter. In 2009 Supreme Court of the Russian Federation admitted that “The letter “e” is not meaningful. The absence of two dots above the letter does not distort the data about the citizen.”

Interestingly, due to the optional spelling of the letter e , we pronounce many words incorrectly, replacing e on e And e on e. For example:

Replacing e with e:

• Koenigsberg is often pronounced as Koenigsberg. This mistake is also reflected in the film “Seventeen Moments of Spring.”
• Pyongyang should be read as Pyongyang (평양) (cf. English: Pyongyang).
• Goebbels (German Goebbels) should be written as Goebbels, Goering (German Göring) - as Goering.
• Mireille Mathieu (French: Mireille Mathieu) should be pronounced "Mathieu".
• Burns, Röntgen, Foeth began to be written “Burns”, “X-ray”, “Fet”, etc.

Replacing e with ё:

• "scam" instead of "scam"
• "grenadier" instead of "grenadier"
• "being" instead of "being"
• "guardianship" instead of "guardianship"

Sometimes misspellings become common usage.

There are also words that allow both options: for example, faded And faded, whitish And whitish, maneuver And maneuver, bile And bile and etc.

Some writers, scientists and cultural figures advocate for the mandatory use of the letter e , for example, it is necessarily used in the works of A.I. Solzhenitsyn. In 2005, in Ulyanovsk, the homeland of N. Karamzin, by decision of the mayor's office, a monument was erected - a rectangular slab of brown marble, on which is engraved e. Every year on November 29th the Day of the Letter is celebrated. e ».

Thus, the author himself determines whether to write a letter for him e or not. According to opponents of the use e , when writing it, the eye “stumbles” over the superscript, two dots interfere with cursive writing. Yes, and in computers the letter e placed outside the main keyboard and located in the upper left corner, which is quite inconvenient for the typist.

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On November 29 (November 18, old style), 1783, in the house of the director of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, one of the first meetings of the newly created Russian Academy was held, which was attended by the poet Gabriel Derzhavin, playwrights Denis Fonvizin and Jacob Knyazhnin and others. The project of a complete explanatory Slavic-Russian dictionary, the later famous 6-volume Dictionary of the Russian Academy, was discussed.

Dashkova suggested that those present at the meeting introduce a new letter “ё” to represent the corresponding sound in writing, instead of the two letters “io”. For the “minor” letter in the Russian alphabet, they did not invent a new sign: they used the existing letter e, placing two dots above it - an umlaut. The princess's innovative idea was supported by a number of leading cultural figures of the time. Gabriel Derzhavin was the first to use the letter “ё” in personal correspondence. In November 1784, the new letter received official recognition.

The letter was replicated by a printing press in 1795 at the Moscow University Printing House with the publishers Ridiger and Claudius during the publication of the book “And My Trinkets” by Ivan Dmitriev. The first word printed with the letter "е" was the word "everything". Then came the words “light”, “stump”, “immortal”, “cornflower”. In 1796, in the same printing house, Nikolai Karamzin, in his first book “Aonid” with the letter “e”, printed the words “dawn”, “eagle”, “moth”, “tears” and the first verb - “flowed”. In 1798, Gabriel Derzhavin used his first surname with the letter “e” - Potemkin.

In 1904, the Spelling Commission was created at the Imperial Academy of Sciences, which included the largest linguists of that time. The commission's proposals, finally formulated in 1912, boiled down to simplifying graphics based on the phonemic principle (eliminating letters that did not denote any sounds, for example "ъ" at the end of words, and letters denoting the same sounds as other letters, "yat" ", "and decimal", "fita", "izhitsa"). In addition, the commission recognized the use of the letter “ё” as desirable, but not mandatory.

On January 5, 1918 (December 23, 1917, old style), a decree was published, signed by the Soviet People's Commissar of Education Anatoly Lunacharsky, who introduced reformed spelling as mandatory and also recommended the use of the letter "ё".

In Soviet times, the letter "ё" was "officially recognized" in 1942, after the publication of the order "On the introduction of the mandatory use of the letter "ё" in school practice." A year later, a reference book on the use of the letter “ё” was published. In 1956, the Academy of Sciences and the Ministry of Higher Education of the USSR approved and then published the “Rules of Russian Spelling and Punctuation” with paragraphs on the use of the letter “ё”. However, in practice its use continued to be optional.

The Russian Federation regulates the use of the letter “ë” in title documents. In a letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated May 3, 2007, authorities issuing official state-issued documents to citizens are instructed to use the letter “ё” in proper names.

A letter from the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated July 20, 2009 recommends using the letter “ё” in school textbooks.

Minister of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Dmitry Livanov, the rules for using the letters “e” and “e” should be enshrined at the legislative level.

Now the letter “е” is contained in more than 12.5 thousand words, in no less than 2.5 thousand surnames of citizens of Russia and the former USSR, in thousands of geographical names of Russia and the world and in thousands of names and surnames of citizens of foreign countries.

In 2005, in Ulyanovsk the letter “ё” was established. The author of the monument, Ulyanovsk artist Alexander Zinin, depicted an exact enlarged copy of the letter that was used in the almanac "Aonids", where Nikolai Karamzin first published a poem with a new letter.

The material was prepared based on information from open sources