I purchased the legendary Ivan Susanin from Ryleev. Kondraty Ryleev - Duma XV. Ivan Susanin: Verse The main elements of the composition of the Duma Ivan Susanin
At the end of 1612, young Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov, the last branch of the Rurik dynasty, was hiding in the Kostroma region. At that time, Moscow was occupied by the Poles: these newcomers wanted to establish Tsarevich Vladislav, the son of their king Sigismund III, on the Russian throne. One detachment penetrated the Kostroma borders and sought to capture Mikhail. Not far from his refuge, enemies captured Ivan Susanin, a resident of the village of Domnina, and demanded that he secretly lead them to the home of the future crowned prince of Russia. As a faithful son of the fatherland, Susanin wanted to die rather than save his life by betrayal. He led the Poles in the opposite direction and informed Mikhail of the danger: those who were with him managed to take him away. The irritated Poles killed Susanin. Upon the accession of Mikhail Feodorovich to the throne (in 1613), Susanin’s descendants were given a charter for a plot of land near the village of Domnina; it was confirmed by subsequent sovereigns.
“Where are you taking us?.. we can’t see anything! -
Susanin's enemies cried out with heart: -
We get stuck and drown in drifts of snow;
We know that we won’t be able to stay with you for the night.
You've probably lost your way, brother, on purpose;
But you won’t be able to save Mikhail!
Let us get lost, let the blizzard rage,
But your king will not escape death from the Poles!..
Lead us - this will be your reward for your efforts;
10 Or be afraid: we won’t have long before trouble!
Made us fight through a snowstorm all night...
But what’s black in the valley behind the spruce?”
"Village! - the man answered the Sarmatians: -
Here is the threshing floor, the fences, and here is the bridge.
Follow me! at the gate! - this hut
It is heated for the guest at all times.
Come in - don't be afraid! - “Well, that’s it, Muscovite!..
What a damn distance, brothers!
I've never seen such a damn night,
20 The falcons' eyes were blinded by the snow...
My zhupan - at least squeeze it out, there is no dry thread! -
When he entered, the young Sarmatian grumbled. -
Blame us, master! We are wet and cold!
Hurry!.. don’t force us to take up sabers!”
Here is a simple tablecloth laid on the table;
Beer and a mug of wine have been supplied,
And Russian porridge and cabbage soup in front of the guests,
And bread before each in large chunks.
The wind, raging, knocks at the ends;
30 The torch burns sadly and with a crackling sound.
It’s long past midnight!.. Embraced in a deep sleep,
The Sarmatians lie carefree on the benches.
Everyone in the smoky hut tastes peace;
Alone, on guard, gray-haired Susanin
He prays in a low voice in the corner by the icon
Holy defense to the young king!..
Suddenly someone rode up to the gate on horseback.
Susanin got up and secretly entered the door...
“Is that you, darling?.. And I’m following you!
40 Where do you go during stormy times?
It's past midnight... and the wind hasn't died down yet;
You only bring melancholy to the hearts of your loved ones!”
“God himself brings you to this house,
My son, hurry to the young king,
Tell Mikhail to disappear quickly
That the proud Poles, in their malice,
They are secretly planning to kill him
And they threaten Moscow with a new disaster!
Say that Susanin saves the king,
50 Love for the fatherland and faith of grief.
Tell me that escape is the only way to escape
And what about killers staying with me for the night?
- “But what are you up to? think about it, dear!
The Poles will kill you... What will happen to me?
And with your young sister and your frail mother?
- “The Creator will protect you with His holy power.
He will not let you die, dear ones:
He is the protector and helper of all orphans.
Farewell, oh my son, time is precious to us;
60 And remember: I am dying for the Russian tribe!”
Sobbing, young Susanin's horse
He jumped up and ran like a whistling arrow.
Meanwhile, the moon made half a circle;
The whistle of the wind stopped, the blizzard subsided.
The dawn lit up in the eastern sky,
The Sarmatians, the king’s villains, woke up.
“Susanin! - they cried, - why are you praying to God?
Now is not the time - it’s time for us to hit the road!”
Leaving the village with a noisy crowd,
70 They enter the dark forest along a roundabout path.
Susanin leads them... The morning has come,
And the sun shone through the branches in the forest:
Sometimes it disappears quickly, sometimes it flashes brightly,
It will light up dimly, then disappear again.
Both oak and birch stand motionless,
Only the snow underfoot creaks from the frost,
Only temporarily the raven flutters and makes a noise,
And the woodpecker is hollowing out a hollow willow.
The Sarmatians walk one after another in silence;
80 Farther and farther away their gray-haired leader.
The sun is already shining high from the sky -
The forest is becoming wilder and wilder!
And suddenly the path in front of them disappears:
And pine and spruce, with thick branches
Bowing sullenly to the very ground,
A thick wall of twigs was woven.
The anxious ear is in vain:
Everything in that outback is dead and deaf...
“Where have you taken us?” - the old Lyakh cried out.
90 “Where you need it! - Susanin said. -
Kill! torture me! - my grave is here!
But know and strive: I saved Mikhail!
You thought you found a traitor in me:
They are not and will not be on Russian land!
In it, everyone loves their homeland from infancy
And he will not destroy his soul by betrayal.”
"The villain! - the enemies shouted, boiling, -
You will die under swords!” - “Your anger is not terrible!
He who is Russian at heart, cheerfully and boldly,
100 And joyfully dies for a just cause!
Neither execution nor death and I am not afraid:
Without flinching, I will die for the Tsar and for Rus'!”
“Die!” - the Sarmatians cried out to the hero,
And the sabers flashed over the old man, whistling! -
Perish, traitor! Your end has come!
And the hard Susanin fell covered in sores!
The snow is pure, the purest blood is stained:
She saved Mikhail for Russia!
In the Duma, Ryleev interprets the poet Derzhavin from a civil-patriotic perspective: he appears in the Duma as a citizen, a defender of “the people’s goods, persecuted everywhere by defense.” By extremely successfully introducing quotes from Derzhavin into his work, Ryleev makes the poet a hero-citizen. Derzhavin “does not know low fear,” “he looks at death with contempt,” and his creative task is to kindle “valor in young hearts with righteous verse.” The most famous among Ryleev’s thoughts are “The Death of Ermak” and “Ivan Susanin”.
Duma "Death of Ermak" turned into a folk song. It captivates with the integrity of the mighty image of the hero Ermak, the menacingly raging nature, the tragic plot and its dynamic composition. The epithets in this Duma are emphatically emotional and hyperbolic: “loud glory”, “roaring storm”, “violent life”, “formidable squad”, “powerful hand”, “boiling Irtysh”. The legendary Ivan Susanin acquired historical concreteness from Ryleev as a collective image of the peasantry, the working people, embraced by love for the fatherland. Susanin dies here not as a loyal subject of the monarch, but as a faithful son of his fatherland. In a sacrificial feat for the sake of preserving the king, he envisions the salvation of his homeland, its tranquility, the end of civil strife and intervention. His prayer for the king is the prayer of a citizen, not a slave.
Heartfeltly and solemnly he says: “They thought you found a traitor in me: They are not and will not be on Russian land!” The highest achievement of Ryleev’s political evolution is the poem “Voinarovsky”. This work, which resurrected episodes of Mazepa’s treasonous policy, was prepared by the entire literary practice of Ryleev, and its plot was outlined in the thoughts “Volynsky”, “Natalia Dolgorukova”, “Menshikov in Berezovo”, especially in the tragedy “Mazepa”, the plans of which the poet sketched out in 1822. The main theme of the poem is the struggle for the national independence of Ukraine. The poet portrays his hero Voinarovsky as a brave tyrant-hater, accustomed from childhood to “honoring Brutus,” the soul of a “truly free” and noble “defender of Rome.” This is an ardent patriot, ready to make any sacrifice for the sake of his homeland. In response to Mazepa’s direct question about his readiness, if necessary, not to feel sorry for himself for Ukraine, he exclaims without hesitation:
- ... to my dear country I will give the children to my beloved wife; I'll leave the honor to myself.
For Ryleev’s contemporaries, these words sounded like an oath of allegiance to the homeland and a call to civic sacrifice. In Ryleev’s creative heritage there is a small group of works that occupy a special place. These are propaganda songs in content, folk songs written by Ryleev together with his friend, Decembrist A. Bestuzhev. They were based on song motifs that were popular in those years, which should have ensured their wide distribution. Of these songs, one is especially interesting, which is a reworking of a romance from the late 18th - early 19th centuries. This is a romance about a lover who yearns for his sweetheart on a foreign side (“Ah! I’m bored on a foreign side”). The authors of the remake rethought these words, and the more popular the romance was, the more acutely its change was perceived: it’s boring not only on the foreign side, but also on the native side (“Oh, I feel sick...”). The popular innocent love song was filled with completely new content. In it one can clearly hear the spontaneous indignation of the enslaved peasantry, their hatred of the enslavers-bars and the tsar. Ryleev called himself not a poet, but a citizen, but he was a true poet of civic courage and heroism.
He created a style of rebellious oratorical pathos, tribune-heroic preaching and revolutionary appeal. Pushkin, recognizing Ryleev’s enormous capabilities, wrote to A. A. Bestuzhev in March 1825: “He is a poet at heart” - and demanded that the creator of “Voinarovsky” write “yes, more, more!” (13, p. 70). Pushkin was not formally a member of the Decembrist society, but he became one of the first and most prominent propagandists of the ideas of Decembrism. A brave singer of free thought, he recognized himself as a poet-citizen, an exponent of national aspirations and rightfully wrote:
- And my incorruptible voice Was the echo of the Russian people.
(“To N. Ya. Pluskova”)
“Ivan Susanin” is a thought that describes the incredible heroism and self-sacrifice of an ordinary Russian peasant, who, with his valuable life, preserved the existence of not only the future tsar, but also the independence of the Russian people.
The Duma, like all literary historical genres of that period, is based on a real event. It's the beginning of the Time of Troubles. 17th century. The Polish authorities, having learned that a new Russian tsar had been elected at the Zemsky Sobor, hastened to send their army to the Kostroma region, where at that time
There was young Mikhail Romanov.
The goal of the Poles was to kill the Tsar and place their Tsarevich Vladislav on the Russian throne, and thus turn Russia into a province of Poland. The Polish army needed a guide who could show them the location of the monastery in which Mikhail was hiding and asked a resident of a nearby village, Ivan Susanin, to help.
However, a simple peasant quickly exposed the Poles' intentions and led them into a deep forest. While Ivan Susanin tricked the Poles away from the monastery, his relative was able to warn the tsar of the impending danger.
Naturally
The Polish army, realizing that Ivan had deceived them, immediately killed the peasant. Susanin's heroism lies in the fact that he understood the inevitability of his death, and, despite this, he was not afraid to commit a brave act.
Ryleev's Duma is filled with all-conquering love for his Motherland. The simple peasant, following the example of his fathers, who heroically fought against external expansion, realized the significance of his mission for the entire Russian people.
Despite the difficult life of the peasantry of that period, Ivan Susanin does not defend his interests, but defends his state, which had previously doomed him to a miserable existence.
However, duty to one's Fatherland dulls the sense of injustice and possible revenge. Moreover, Susanin does not even realize that he is committing a heroic act.
He even accepts death with humility, not because he does not have the opportunity to escape, but because he does not see for himself, as a faithful son of his state, any other way out than to lay down his life on the altar of his freedom. So in the final part of the thought, he says that he is not afraid of death, since he dies in the name of the life of his king.
Looking at the main character, we bow our heads before how calmly, without visible anxiety or excitement, he goes to his death. The psychology of Ivan Susanin is the worldview of all peasants of the 17th century: invincible faith in a worthy king, hatred of foreign invaders, as well as a strong and calm love for the homeland.
The famous poet A.S. Pushkin did not perceive thoughts as a genre; he always said that, despite the historical description inherent in them, they are devoid of patriotic content.
However, he recognized “Ivan Susanin” as a work in which every line is filled with national Russian consciousness. The patriotism inherent in the Duma inspired the most brilliant Russian composer M. I. Glinka to create an opera of the same name.
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20 years later, another opera with the same name appeared. Its author was composer M.I. Glinka. It was this work that made Susanin’s name widely known throughout Russia, immortalizing his feat. For several years, M.I. Glinka nurtured the idea of creating a Russian opera on a military-patriotic theme. V. A. Zhukovsky, the creator of Russian romanticism and educator of the future Emperor Alexander II, advised him to choose the feat of the Kostroma peasant Susanin as the plot. In 1936, the opera premiered on the stage of the Bolshoi Theater in St. Petersburg. The opera was a resounding success with the audience and was favorably received by the royal family.
Glinka's opera was originally called Ivan Susanin. However, in order to avoid confusion with the creation of Kavos of the same name, it was decided to change the name to a more patriotic and sublime one. Glinka's opera became known as “A Life for the Tsar.” Both works were performed on the same stage, without interfering with each other. Kavos even served as conductor at Glinka's performances. The difference is that in Kavos’s opera Susanin remains alive, but in Glinka’s he dies heroically. However, both of them portrayed Susanin as a fearless defender of the Motherland.
The image of Ivan Susanin in painting and literature
The feat of Ivan Susanin was sung by poets of different years. The most famous literary work is the thought of Kondraty Ryleev “Ivan Susanin”, written in 1822. “Where are you leading us?... It’s not visible, but Susan’s enemies cried out to Susanin with their hearts...” - the title lines of this work. A.S. Pushkin did not perceive the Dumas as a serious genre with a patriotic message, considering them only a description of historical events. However, he appreciated Ryleev’s work very highly, noting that every line in it was a Russian national consciousness. Ryleev managed to show Susanin as a fearless son of the Fatherland, who loves his Motherland so selflessly that he is ready to sacrifice his life without hesitation for the lives of future generations. “I will die without flinching for the Tsar and for Rus'!” - his last words.In painting, the image of Ivan Susanin is reflected in the works of M.I. Scotti “The Feat of Ivan Susanin”, M.V. Nesterov “Ivan Susanin’s Vision of the Image of Mikhail Fedorovich”, A. Baranov “The Feat of Ivan Susanin” and many other lesser-known paintings. It is noteworthy that not even a verbal description of Ivan Susanin has been preserved from his contemporaries. Therefore, all his images are nothing more than the imagination of artists.
Monuments to Ivan Susanin
In 1851, the grand opening of the first monument to Ivan Susanin took place on the central square of Kostroma. It was a granite column on which a bust of the young Tsar Mikhail Romanov was installed. At the base of the column there was a figure of Susanin, kneeling. On the front side of the monument there was a bas-relief depicting the scene of Susanin's death. The monument was decorated with the inscription: “To Ivan Susanin, for the Tsar, the savior of the faith and the kingdom, who laid down his life. Grateful offspring." The monument was completely destroyed by the Bolsheviks in the 1930s.In 1967, a new monument to Susanin was erected in Kostroma. It represents the figure of a peasant in traditional Russian clothing. The inscription “To Ivan Susanin – patriot of the Russian land” is engraved on the cylindrical pedestal. The author of the monument was the young sculptor Lavinsky. According to art historians, this monument reveals the image of Susanin in the best possible way. He shows the greatness of the Russian man, who is consciously ready to accomplish a mortal feat.
In 1835, by decree of the emperor, the central square of Kostroma was renamed from Ekaterinoslavskaya to Susaninskaya. With the Bolsheviks coming to power, the square's original name was returned. At the beginning of the century, the Soviet government disapproved of Susanin, calling him a tsar's henchman. Only during the Great Patriotic War, Susanin’s feat again began to be considered as a feat in the name of the Russian people, and not in the name of the monarchy. Since 1992, the square again began to be called Susaninskaya.
At the end of 1612, young Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, the last branch of the Rurik dynasty, was hiding in the Kostroma region. At that time, Moscow was occupied by the Poles: these newcomers wanted to establish Tsarevich Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund III, on the Russian throne. One detachment penetrated the Kostroma borders and decided to capture Mikhail. Not far from his refuge, enemies captured Ivan Susanin, a resident of the village of Domnina, and demanded that he secretly lead them to the home of the future crowned prince of Russia. As a faithful son of the fatherland, Susanin wanted to die rather than save his life by betrayal. He led the Poles in the opposite direction and informed Mikhail of the danger: those with him managed to take him away. The irritated Poles killed Ivan Susanin.
Upon the accession of Mikhail Fedorovich to the throne (in 1613), Susanin’s descendants were given a charter for a plot of land near the village of Domnina; it was confirmed by subsequent sovereigns. According to these data, in one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two, Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev wrote the thought “Ivan Susanin”. The Duma shows the fearlessness of the people and Susanin’s dying confession, an open challenge to the enemy, proud to posterity.
You thought you found a traitor in me:
They are not and will not be on Russian soil!
In it, everyone loves their homeland from infancy
And he will not destroy his soul by betrayal.
He who is Russian at heart is cheerful and courageous
And joyfully dies for a just cause!
As a rule, the images of heroes are determined by one quality that especially stands out. These are the heroes of many thoughts of Kondraty Fedorovich Ryleev. So, for example, Susanin has such a quality as love for his homeland. Duma “Ivan Susanin is one of the most remarkable creations of the poet. Everything here is concrete and largely historical. The action begins with a lively and colorful dialogue between the tired and frozen Polish nobles and the Russian peasant Susanin:
“I have never seen such a damned night,
The falcon's eyes were blinded by the snow...
My zhupan - at least squeeze it out, there’s not a dry thread!”
When he entered, the young Sarmatian grumbled.
“The fault is ours, master! We are wet and frozen! Hurry!
don’t force us to take up sabers!”
The further description of the simple decoration of the village hut, the conversation between Susanin and his son, and the concise description of the dawn are quite realistic. The morning landscape painted by Ryleev, in its simplicity and concreteness, is one of the most remarkable in Russian poetry of the 20s.
Susanin leads them...
The morning has come
And the sun shone through the branches in the forest:
Sometimes it disappears quickly, sometimes it flashes brightly,
It will light up dimly, then disappear again.
The oak and birch trees stand and do not move;
Only the snow underfoot creaks from the frost,
Only temporarily the raven flutters and makes a noise,
And the woodpecker is hollowing out a hollow willow.
The Sarmatians walk one after another in silence;
Farther and farther away their gray-haired counselor.
The sun is already shining high from the sky:
The forest is becoming wilder and wilder!
There are no dazzling lightning, no continuously thundering thunder, or other attributes of landscape props in this “Duma”. Ryleev, undoubtedly, is helped in his narration by the leisurely and smooth meter he chose, which is not found anywhere else in his tetrameter amphibrach.
Ryleev achieved his greatest success here in creating a central image, that is, in that area that had always been the most difficult for him. The image of Susanin still amazes with the simplicity of its heroism. His words before his death are sincere and devoid of external effects:
I am not afraid of execution or death:
Without flinching, I will die for the Tsar and for Rus'!
This speech vividly conveys the psychology of a simple Russian peasant of the 17th century. with his faith in the “good king”, with his hatred of the invaders, with his calm, deep and firm love for his land.
It is significant that Pushkin, who argued that in the “Dumas” there is “nothing national, Russian... nothing except names,” stipulated: “I exclude “Ivan Susanin,” the first Duma, according to which I began to suspect true talent in you.” This “Duma” fell in love with M.I. Glinka and inspired him to create the most brilliant Russian opera “Ivan Susanin”.
