Federal State Budgetary Institution Russian Center for Forensic Medical Examination of the Russian Ministry of Health. Forensic Genetic Examination of DNA Molecular genetic examination questions for the expert

04.03.2024 | Muscles

Types of Forensic Genetic Examinations

Test to establish the fact of paternity This DNA examination confirms or refutes the fact of biogenetic paternity of the person being examined, that is, the putative father, in relation to a particular child being examined. This test can be initiated either by the alleged father or the child's mother, or, subject to the consent of the other, by only one of the child's parents, father or mother, or by the child himself, if he has reached the age of majority. The absence of parents in a child makes it possible to conduct the test at the initiative of relatives and other persons, for example, guardians, as well as institutions and organizations.
If it is impossible to obtain a DNA sample of the parents, from one or both, due to their absence or disappearance, confirmation of paternity is made using the DNA of relatives.

Since the test is a comparative analysis of DNA markers, samples of biomaterials from three alleged relatives must be provided for it.
Blood or saliva samples are used as biomaterials. The results of DNA research are equally reliable when processing any of the listed samples. It is still preferable to study saliva samples and smears from the mucous membranes of the inner surface of the cheeks. Detailed instructions for sampling are provided to clients after concluding a contract for DNA testing.

If it is impossible to obtain a DNA sample of the parents, from one or both, due to their absence or disappearance, confirmation of paternity is made by establishing the relationship with the parents of the father or mother.
The result obtained confirming the relationship is accurate starting from 80.99%, refuting the fact of relationship is 100% accurate. Since the test is a comparative analysis of DNA markers, samples of biomaterials from three alleged relatives must be provided for it. Blood or saliva samples are used as biomaterials. The results of DNA research are equally reliable when processing any of the listed samples.

It is still preferable to study saliva samples and smears from the mucous membranes of the inner surface of the cheeks. Detailed instructions for sampling are provided to clients after concluding a contract for DNA testing. The accuracy of the answer based on the examination results varies depending on the degree of relationship.
A positive conclusion has a probability of more than 90%, a negative one - about 85%.

When testing two putative relatives simultaneously (for example, a hypothetical grandchild and a grandparent), the accuracy increases to 99.99% when confirming the relationship and 100% when disproving the relationship.
Unlike a paternity test, this study is associated with the need to analyze a larger number of genetic parameters. The analysis requires comparative samples of two people who are supposedly related.
This test confirms or refutes assumptions about the biological relationship of uncles, aunts, nephews and nieces.

The result obtained confirming the relationship is more than 90% accurate, refuting the fact of relationship – by 85%.

When examining DNA samples of two supposedly relatives, for example, a grandson and a grandparent, the accuracy of a confirming result is already 99.99%, and a refuting result is -100%.
Or when children obviously know that they were born from different mothers (Single-blooded) and there is a need to establish their relationship through the Father.

A comparison of DNA markers of biosamples from two or more individuals is carried out; it is desirable that both mothers of the child participate if the children are half-blooded, and a mother and two children if the children are identical.

The accuracy of the result depends on the number of participants in the DNA examination.

The result obtained confirming the relationship is usually more than 80% accurate. Any of the biomaterials can be used for analysis: saliva and blood. The results of DNA research are equally reliable when processing any of the listed samples.
It is still preferable to study samples of saliva and smears from the mucous membranes of the inner surface of the cheeks: This procedure is simple and straightforward, practically comfortable, which is especially important when collecting a sample from children and people with increased susceptibility.

The procedure is not traumatic and does not pose a threat of infection. Detailed instructions for sampling are provided to clients after concluding a contract for DNA testing.

This DNA examination to establish kinship is necessary when it is known that children were born from different mothers and it is necessary to verify whether they have the same COMMON Biological father.

As a rule, DNA testing for the relationship of half-siblings is carried out if the alleged father has disappeared or died. Gene. The examination can be initiated by one of the mothers. and by the child himself, if he has reached the age of majority.
For analysis, DNA samples of people who are supposedly related through the male line are required. (Having one Y chromosome) Analysis is necessary if it is necessary to establish kinship only through the male line.

The accuracy of DNA examination in % is not indicated here. Male lineage DNA testing indicates that all males share one Y Chromosome if born from a different common ancestor.

Also, this analysis does not indicate the degree of relationship, i.e. who is related to whom (brother, father, grandfather)
The samples can be biological materials - blood or saliva.
Taking into account the equivalence of the conclusions of examinations of various objects, preference is given to the study of saliva or smears from the oral mucosa.

The selection procedure for official examination of it in living individuals requires the participation of a specialized medical worker and premises with sterile conditions.
This method is not dangerous, especially if it concerns children or people with impaired psychological stability. The possibility of human infection is eliminated and not only the procedure for obtaining samples, but also storing and delivering them is simplified.
When might forensic genetic determination of maternity be needed?
Since the relationship between mother and child begins from the moment the child is born (in the maternity hospital), it is there that the medical staff, based on the documents provided by the mother, can issue the first document indicating the relationship between mother and child (Article 162 of the RF IC) - medical an extract from the maternity hospital, on the basis of which you can register the child, give him a name and registration.
Here are a few situations when you may need to conduct a DNA maternity test:
1. The child was not born in a maternity hospital, and there are no witnesses to this process;
2. The mother may claim that the child was replaced in the maternity ward;
3. The child was born as a result of surrogacy;
4. If there is an obvious lack of grounds for registering the child (the document from the medical institution is lost);
5. The authenticity of the documents is doubtful among relatives, in particular among the father or mother;
6. Clarification of the legal relationship between mother and child;
6. To make entries in documents.
-The child was born with the help of a step-surrogate mother who refuses to give up the child, in which case her permission to conduct a DNA test will be required.

What do you need to have to conduct the SGE?

original documents proving the identity of the examination participants.
copies of identity documents (passport from parents - main page and registration, birth certificate of a child under 14 years old) - 2 copies from each participant.
a copy of the court ruling ordering a genetic examination to establish paternity. (not required for pre-trial examination!)

PERSONAL PRESENCE OF EXAMINATION PARTICIPANTS IS REQUIRED!

Is it possible to conduct a DNA Paternity Test anonymously?

No, forensic genetic testing is carried out in person for all DNA testing participants. It is necessary for everyone to appear together at the same time with identification documents.

Are your examinations accepted in the Court?

According to Russian legislation. (page 67 of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Russian Federation)1. The court evaluates evidence according to its internal conviction, based on a comprehensive, complete, objective and direct examination of the evidence available in the case. No evidence has pre-established force for the court.

Is it possible to establish paternity without the mother's consent and how to do it?

1. Is it possible to establish paternity without the mother’s consent and how? Establishing the fact of paternity without the mother's consent can only be resolved through the court. If the mother refuses to recognize paternity of her child, and the father insists on this, then he needs to write a statement to the court, where he attaches testimony from people who witnessed their relationship and indirectly confirm the origin of the child. The court, having considered all the evidence presented, may order an examination for DNA analysis, and, in the future, use its results as a basis. DNA testing by court order can be carried out in a medical institution that has a forensic medical examination license for research. The fact of paternity can be recognized without the mother’s consent in four cases: -the death of the mother; - recognition of her as incompetent; - deprivation of the mother of parental rights in relation to the child; -recognition of her as missing by a court decision. If one of the above facts is present, the court also makes a decision in favor of the father. If the child is already 18 years old, then recognition of paternity is possible only with his consent. If a child is recognized as disabled or incompetent, then with the consent of his guardian or guardianship authority.

Who should pay for forensic genetic examination based on DNA analysis?

The costs of paying for the DNA analysis must be borne by the interested party, in this case the father. If the examination confirms a blood relationship with the child, the father can also apply to the court for reimbursement of expenses from the mother. Also, the court can decide in percentage terms who will pay and how much for the DNA analysis examination, this can be 1/2 on each side, and recover it in full from the defendant, or the plaintiff himself (the child’s father) can pay. If the fact of paternity is carried out without the presence of the mother, due to her absence, then the cost of paying for a DNA paternity test is fully borne by the father who went to court.

Can grandparents conduct a paternity test? and in what cases?

In the case when it is necessary to conduct a DNA test, but the mother or father is absent, then you can take the test from the grandmother or grandfather and one of the present parents, the result in this case will be the same as the paternity test, i.e. 99, 9%. This type of analysis is carried out when it is not possible to take a DNA test from the alleged father. Such reasons include the death of the father and confirmation is required, for example, to receive survivor benefits, or if the question of receiving an inheritance has arisen; absence of father (is abroad, declared missing, etc.). There are, for example, cases when the father/mother is absent and the grandfather/grandmother wants to communicate with their grandchildren, and the remaining parent prevents this communication, the grandfather/grandmother can go to court to order a DNA examination and after it, the court will make a decision on whether that they are closest relatives and no one has the right to interfere with their communication. Of course, the court is based on the interests of the child himself and his opinion. If the parent continues to interfere with their communication, then measures established by civil procedural legislation will be applied to him. (Family code)

What if one of the parties does not want to conduct a paternity test?

If a mother does not want to acknowledge paternity of her child, she has the right to refuse a DNA test. According to the law of the Russian Federation, a person is not required to undergo a DNA test, even if the court ordered this examination. Do not forget that even a court cannot force you to take this test. But there are also cases when it is impossible to refuse the test. This is when, at the time of registration of the birth of a child, the man knew that he was not the biological father of this child and, if there was written consent of both parents for artificial insemination. If one of the parties refuses to conduct an examination, the court has the right to make a decision in favor of the plaintiff. If paternity is recognized, the father is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining the child, caring for his material well-being, his upbringing, and education.

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The concept of "Genetic examination (DNA analysis, DNA test, DNA examination)":

Genetic examination(DNA examination, forensic genetic examination, DNA analysis, independent genetic examination, DNA test) is one of the types of molecular genetic examination (biological examination), during which genetic material (nuclear or matrix DNA) is examined in order to determine the relationship between people, personal identification or identification of biological organisms.

Objects of genetic examination are any biological material: blood, saliva, sperm, soft tissues, bones, teeth, hair follicles of humans, animals, plant tissue, i.e. everything that contains genetic material - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

Independent genetic examination and DNA analysis can be carried out both by biologists, as part of biological or molecular genetic examination, and by forensic doctors, as part of forensic medical examination.

Conducting genetic testing is one of the main and priority activities of our Expert Center.

A feature of our expert Center is that to conduct molecular genetic examinations and conduct DNA analysis, the Center uses research methods for 19 or more loci, which significantly increases the accuracy of genetic examination, unlike other centers and laboratories where research are carried out mainly at 16 loci!

Questions of genetic examination You can find out in the corresponding section of our website - Questions for genetic testing.

Procedural types of genetic examinations:

Just like other types of independent examinations, procedurally, genetic examination can be:

pre-trial(extrajudicial), i.e. carried out on the basis of a request from individuals and legal entities, or lawyers, with the subsequent drawing up of a specialist opinion;
judicial(forensic genetic examination, forensic molecular genetic examination, genetic examination for court), i.e. appointed and carried out by court ruling, investigator or inquiry officer, with the subsequent drawing up of an expert opinion.

Goals and objectives of independent genetic examinations:

Conventionally, independent genetic or molecular genetic examinations can be divided into three large groups:

genetic examination of kinship
genetic examination of personal identification
genetic examination of identification of biological objects

Genetic kinship testing

The goals and objectives of genetic examinations to establish kinship are:

establishment of paternity(see in detail the section Paternity examination (Genetic paternity examination, Paternity test, DNA paternity analysis);
establishing maternity;
establishing a close relationship(brother, sister, uncle, aunt, grandmother, grandfather, nephew, niece, etc.);
establishing cousin relationship(cousin, cousin);
establishment of half-blood relationship(half-brother, half-sister);
establishing the zygosity of twins (mono- or dizygotic twins).

Can (full name of the alleged father) be the biological father of (full name of the child)? If kinship is not excluded, then what is the probability of kinship?
Can (full name of the alleged brother) be a half-brother of (full name of the sister)? If kinship is not excluded, then what is the probability of kinship?

Genetic examinations of personal identification

The goals and objectives of genetic examinations of personal identification are:

establishing the origin of a particular biological object (blood, saliva, sperm, etc.) to a specific person or person in general;
identification of a person from remains;
identification of the degree of relationship from human remains (examination of sperm, examination of traces of sperm).

Examples of questions submitted for research or examination:

Does the blood found on the shirt belong to Gr. (Full name of the suspect)?
Can the discovered human remains belong to a sibling (full name of sister/brother)?

Genetic examinations of identification of biological objects

The goals and objectives of genetic examinations for the identification of biological objects are:

establishing the belonging and identification of biological material to an animal organism (see in detail the section Genetic examination of animals (veterinary genetic examination of animals);
establishing the belonging and identification of biological material to a plant organism (see in detail the section Genetic examination of plants (veterinary genetic examination of plants);
establishing the belonging of biological material (blood, saliva, etc.) to a certain type of living organism (human, dog, cat, etc.);
establishing the species of biological material;
detection of traces of human semen or semen examination, semen trace examination(see in detail the section Examination of semen (Examination of traces and stains of semen)

Examples of questions submitted for research or examination:

Could the blood on the ax handle belong to an Amur tiger?
Does the bone submitted for examination belong to a human or ape?
What biological species does the blood on the tissue belong to?
Does the item shown (underwear) contain traces of human semen? If yes, then does the sperm belong to gr. FULL NAME.?

In what cases is an independent genetic examination prescribed and carried out?

Genetic examination for the court (forensic DNA examination, DNA analysis, forensic molecular genetic examination, DNA test) is widely used in both civil and criminal proceedings. Forensic genetic examination, in civil cases, is very often prescribed in disputes about the collection of alimony, determination of paternity after in vitro fertilization, determination of motherhood after surrogacy, immigration through family ties, disputes about inheritance, litigation with the possible replacement of children in the maternity hospital, when identifying missing persons relatives. In criminal proceedings, DNA analysis quite often carried out for the purpose of detecting and identifying biological objects, such as blood, semen, saliva at the scene of criminal crimes; for the purpose of identifying criminals; in cases of poaching - in order to identify rare species of animals and plants; in cases of fraud in the trade of substituted meat or fish products. Genetic examination is widely used in the sale of counterfeit medicinal preparations, etc. Recently, extrajudicial sperm examination(examination of semen traces, examination of semen stains), if the spouse is suspected of having extramarital affairs. At the same time, when conducting a sperm examination, it is possible to establish not only the fact of the presence of sperm, but also the identification of sperm. Considering that genetic examination, DNA analysis and testing are fairly accurate expert methods, recently the amount of forensic data has been constantly increasing, which in turn improves the quality of the management and consideration of both criminal and civil cases by the relevant authorities.

Our Center conducts all types of genetic examinations, tests and DNA analyses!

When conducting a molecular genetic examination, DNA analysis or DNA test in our Center, you can count on the completeness and objectivity of the research, the independence and impartiality of our experts and specialists, the high level and quality of the work performed.

Note! Before applying to the court to conduct and order a genetic examination in our Center, contact us at the central office for a Letter of Guarantee, where we will indicate the deadlines and the price of the genetic examination.

To learn more about the conditions for conducting a genetic examination in our Center, find out the cost of DNA analysis, get written or oral advice, order a DNA examination or conduct a review of a genetic examination, you can call:

8-916-145-00-27 – weekdays (from 10:00 to 18:00) weekends and holidays (from 12:00 to 20:00)

8-926-235-08-85 – weekdays (from 10:00 to 18:00)

or by email: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.

You can also use the online contact form:

Detailed professional characteristics of the experts and specialists of our Center are listed in the Experts section.

Genetic examination, DNA analysis, DNA test, DNA examination, Paternity examination, Paternity test, Sperm examination, Genetic examination of diseases, Genetic examination of animals, Veterinary genetic examination of animals, Genetic examination of plants

Genetic testing is often used by court order to establish the truth in the question of whether the mother and father of a child are his biological parents. Most often, a study is carried out to determine paternity, however, sometimes it is also necessary to establish motherhood in this way. Therefore, it would be useful to know how DNA research is performed and when forensic testing is used.

Why is forensic DNA testing ordered?

Unfortunately, some parents, more often fathers, do not seek to recognize their offspring voluntarily. Therefore, the second parent has to go to court. Previously, external signs served as evidence of a family relationship. It was even customary to invite artists and doctors as experts who could compare external signs and confirm or refute the relationship. Naturally, this “method” cannot be considered completely reliable. That is why, over time, the courts began to use a scientific approach, which makes it possible to compare the biological material of the child and the possible parent with maximum accuracy.

Genetic testing became such a method. Modern DNA analysis allows you to establish a blood relationship with an accuracy of 99.99%. And this is very important if one of the biological parents refuses to recognize the child. As a rule, DNA testing is in demand in court cases to determine paternity, when a man is trying to avoid child support payments. However, there are also cuckoo mothers who abandon their own children. And in this case, DNA testing also becomes proof of motherhood.

How to perform DNA testing in court

If, during a trial for child support, it is necessary to provide evidence of a close blood relationship between the child and the defendant, the plaintiff may apply to the court with a request to conduct a genetic examination. In this case, an application must be submitted, to which the following package of documents must be attached:

a copy of the certificate confirming the fact of the child’s birth;
evidence confirming that the plaintiff and defendant lived together. As evidence, the court accepts letters, receipts for money transfers, videos, medical documents, witness statements, and so on;
a certificate indicating the amount of the defendant’s salary, evidence of the existence of other sources of income (for example, renting out residential premises);
receipt of payment of state duty;
if the filing of an application by the plaintiff is due to the fact that the defendant has been deprived of parental rights, has died or has been declared incompetent, a certificate confirming this fact is also attached.

There is a small nuance - if it is necessary to establish maternity or paternity in relation to an already adult child, his consent, expressed in writing, is required.

How is DNA testing carried out by court decision?

Having received the plaintiff’s application for a DNA test, the court accepts the case and after 5 days determines when the preliminary hearing will be held. At the preliminary meeting, a petition is drawn up regarding the need to perform a DNA test. In this case, the plaintiff has the right to independently choose the medical institution in which the examination will be carried out.

It is worth considering that the alleged father or mother may refuse to conduct a DNA test and the court cannot force him to do so.

Many defendants do this, believing that the absence of a comparative DNA analysis will help them avoid recognition of consanguinity and, therefore, not accept responsibility for the further provision of financial support for the child. However, in this case, there is a high probability that the fact of paternity or maternity will be established automatically if other evidence is available. That is why the plaintiff should carefully consider the evidence base, without focusing only on DNA research.

When the defendant agrees to the research, the DNA test is carried out within the time period prescribed by the court. A genetic examination costs about 20,000 rubles. In this case, the costs of the analysis are paid by the claimant.

According to a court decision, a comparative analysis of biological materials such as the blood of the child and the intended parent is performed. Moreover, in the case of determining the paternity or maternity of a minor, the plaintiff also gives a blood sample. If the child has already reached the age of majority, the blood of him and the defendant is taken to study DNA.

The submitted biological material is subject to careful study. If the result is zero, the fact of paternity or maternity is rejected.

If the reading is 99%, a biological relationship is established.

After the analysis, its results are not passed on to the parties to the lawsuit, but are sent directly to the court, which makes an appropriate decision based on DNA testing. If the result is negative, the plaintiff loses the case; if the result is positive, the defendant is required to make alimony payments.

The decision of the judicial authority to recognize maternity or paternity must be legalized. For this purpose, an oral or written application to establish paternity/maternity is submitted to the registry office. It is required to present the child’s birth certificate, as well as a receipt for payment of the state fee and a court decision on the fact of recognition. The state duty in this case will be 350 rubles.

Genetic examination in posthumous recognition of maternity/paternity

Sometimes the need to recognize consanguinity arises after the death of the alleged father or mother. Currently, it is possible to achieve posthumous recognition of paternity or maternity using DNA research. As a rule, analysis is necessary if the parent did not have time to officially recognize the child during his lifetime. Therefore, posthumous recognition in court is necessary so that the child receives rights to the inheritance of his deceased biological parent, and can also receive a survivor’s pension.

The applicant can be both the second parent and the guardian if the child is dependent on him or her.

The statement of claim is filed taking into account the persons interested in the inheritance of the deceased person, who are also claimants to the inheritance. During the process, the plaintiff must provide evidence of the death of the second parent, evidence that he recognized himself as the parent of this child, and that the deceased and the plaintiff were not legally married.

During the process, forensic examination may be carried out. However, such an opportunity is rarely provided, since its implementation requires particles of tissue from the deceased, which could be preserved in a hospital or morgue. Depending on the circumstances of the case, a genetic examination to establish paternity or maternity can be carried out between the child and his grandmother and grandfather on the part of the deceased.

DNA examination (genetic examination) is carried out by the NP “Federation of Forensic Experts” to establish family ties between research participants. DNA examination also includes expert diagnostics in cases of establishing paternity, hereditary cases of establishing kinship, cases related to sexual and other violent crimes.

The head office of the NP "Federation of Forensic Experts" provides innovative genetic examination, including high-quality DNA analysis, DNA examination, DNA testing, testing and diagnostics of human DNA to establish paternity.

Determination of paternity

Forensic genetic testing of DNA to establish paternity is based on comparison of DNA fragments (DNA loci) between the alleged father (mother) and the child. Obviously, a child receives one half of its DNA from its mother and the other half of its DNA from its father. When analyzing DNA, our biological experts are guaranteed to produce conclusions that are 99.99% accurate. The accuracy of DNA analysis (DNA test) is influenced by two main factors - the number of genetic loci analyzed and their nature. There are sections of DNA that are unique to almost every person or are present in a small number of people. This fact makes us different from each other. The more areas of this nature are tested, the higher the likelihood of establishing (or refuting) paternity (maternity) will be.

Currently, we can perform a DNA test at 19 different loci, which provides a probability of more than 99.999% when confirming paternity and 100% when excluding it. Forensic genetic DNA testing to establish maternity determines whether the woman who claims to be the child's mother is the child's actual biological mother.

We establish motherhood by analyzing at least 18 genetic markers. DNA analyzes (DNA tests) are carried out independently by two groups of researchers. The accuracy of the analysis is 99.9999% when confirming maternity, 100% when excluding it.

It is noteworthy that according to Order of the Ministry of Health No. 161 of April 24, 2003, its paragraphs 7.3.7-7.3.7.2, genetic accuracy of 99.90% or 99.75% is sufficient to prove paternity in court. However, we guarantee the DNA paternity test is more than 99.99% accurate.

Difficulties

In addition to the problems of establishing paternity or maternity, we conduct DNA testing (DNA test) in the absence or disappearance of one (or both) parents using blood samples of living “direct” relatives (including cases of migration, emigration, transfer of inheritance, planted or substituted in the maternity hospital for children, etc.). All DNA tests and DNA examinations to determine paternity (maternity) or family ties are performed according to state standards and their conclusions are irrefutable evidence in court.

Establishing kinship

There is no fundamental difference between this DNA test and a paternity (maternity) test. The only fundamental difference is the need to conduct DNA analysis of a larger number of genetic loci.

For analysis, DNA samples of two people who are in an alleged (disputed) relationship are required. The accuracy of DNA genetic testing in this case varies depending on the degree of relationship. As a rule, a positive conclusion has a probability of more than 90%, a negative one - about 85%. Moreover, when simultaneously testing two putative relatives (for example, a grandson and putative grandparents), the accuracy reaches up to 99% if the result is positive and 100% if the relationship is denied.

First cousins

This DNA test allows you to determine whether two people are first cousins, or first cousins. For DNA analysis, DNA samples of two people who are supposedly related must be submitted for examination. Accuracy of DNA analysis: a positive conclusion is given with 80% confidence.

Genetic examination to identify a sibling or half-sibling

Siblings (i.e., sisters and brothers, or sister and brother) received genes from the same parents. Although the set of genes will be different, sibs will be genetically very similar (usually 75-99% of genes are the same). Unlike siblings, half-siblings will have a maximum of 50% of their genes in common and only those inherited from a common parent (mother or father). Through DNA analysis (DNA test) it is possible to determine with 100% accuracy whether these sibs are siblings or consolidated. DNA testing requires DNA samples from two people who are believed to be related. The accuracy of genetic testing varies depending on the degree of relationship. As a rule, a positive conclusion implies a probability of 99%, a negative one - a probability of 90%.

Twins

There are two types of twins - identical and fraternal. Identical twins occur when a fertilized egg divides and each daughter cell gives rise to a separate organism. Identical twins are always of only one sex and are genetically almost identical. Fraternal twins can be of the same or different sexes and will have significant differences in their DNA structure. Using advanced molecular genetic technology, we are able to determine with 100% accuracy whether two twins are identical or fraternal. For analysis, DNA samples of two persons who are in an alleged blood relationship are required.

Genetic examination of the Y chromosome (family affiliation test)

The Y chromosome is passed on only from father to son. Through its genetic analysis, it can be determined whether two men have a common ancestor, whether they are related and whether they can be members of the same family (the so-called “family test”). This test is most often used in genealogical research. We compare 16 loci on the Y chromosome and conclude whether two (or more) specific men are related and, if so, how close the genetic link is. For analysis, DNA samples of two persons who are supposedly related are required. Accuracy up to 99% when confirming and 100% when refuting relationship.

Genetic testing of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

We inherit mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from our mother. Therefore, mtDNA is a very convenient object for studying maternal relationships. Based on this study, we can make a reliable conclusion whether the tested individuals are members of the same maternal genealogical group (i.e., the grandmother, her brothers and sisters - the mother, her brothers and sisters - the child, his brothers and sisters). We also conduct genetic examinations to establish other types of consanguinity, regardless of how long ago the event occurred and family ties (for cases of migration, emigration, loss of a breadwinner, transfer of inheritance, etc.). The accuracy of genetic testing varies depending on the degree of relationship. As a rule, a positive conclusion has a probability of more than 99%.

Algorithm for conducting genetic examination and diagnostics to establish paternity (maternity) of other family relationships. As stated above, the simplest and most accessible way to obtain biological material (buccal epithelium from the inside of the cheek) for genetic testing of paternity (kinship) can be performed as follows:

Taking into account the fact that the NP “Federation of Forensic Experts” has a wide network of regional laboratories, you should contact one of the regional laboratories to prepare an information letter to the court, which will indicate a number of information necessary for conducting the examination, such as:

The exact name of the forensic institution, its exact legal address, our bank and postal details
The exact scientific name of forensic genetic testing of DNA, which is “Molecular genetic testing of DNA” for the purpose of determining paternity (maternity) or other family relationships
Information about the forensic biologist who will conduct genetic DNA testing (DNA analysis and testing)
Information about the timing of DNA genetic testing (DNA analysis)
Information on the cost of DNA genetic testing (DNA test)
Information on the procedure for removing biological material for DNA analysis.

Consultations on the procedure for obtaining biological material for molecular genetic testing of DNA, as well as consultations with an expert biologist, can be obtained by calling us at one of the telephone numbers listed on our website.

Sample collection

The most hygienic method of collecting biological material is to obtain epithelial cells from the inside of the cheek with a cotton swab. This method of selecting material for analysis is the easiest, absolutely painless and does not require the presence of a medical professional in court.

Collection of biomaterial

An employee of the NP “Federation of Forensic Experts” arrives at the court hearing, taking with him sterile hygienic cotton swabs. In this case, the packaging with chopsticks must be new and unopened. All prospective relatives (children and parents) should rinse their mouths with clean water. Each of the examined persons should take a cotton swab by one end and run the opposite end 20-30 times along the inner surface of the cheek with light pressure to scrape off the epithelial cells.

Note: Two cotton swabs containing buccal epithelial samples should be collected from each individual. All samples from different people should be in separate envelopes to prevent mutual transfer of biological material. Do not use plastic bags!

After taking two samples from each of the subjects, the second end of the stick, which the person was holding with his hand, should be cut off and thrown away.

Prices

NOTE:

The price of DNA genetic testing to establish paternity (other relationship) is indicated including taxes. Transport costs are paid separately.

If you have any doubts about whether a man is the baby’s dad, you can consider the existing ones. The law provides for a special examination. This procedure is carried out exclusively in a specialized laboratory that has passed state accreditation and received a license. It must be understood that research results do not provide grounds for recognizing a fact. A certificate of paternity is issued by court decision.

Genetic testing to establish paternity can be carried out on the initiative of:

potential dad
the man included in the birth certificate of the baby;
mothers, for example, if the common-law husband refuses the baby;
the child himself (when he turns 18 years old).

Important: the court does not have the right to oblige a person to undergo a genetic examination procedure without his consent.

Legal aspects of the issue of contacting genetic experts

Legally, there are two ways to establish who the father of a child is:

In the absence of disagreement, this fact is determined by registering the baby with the civil registry office. Based on the parents’ application, the details of mom and dad are entered into the register book. In this case, both are required to appear at the registry office to confirm consent.
If there is a disagreement, the issue is resolved in court. To establish paternity in court, a citizen's initiative is necessary. One of the parents can file an application with the court:
- actual (whose data is included in the certificate);
- biological.

Please note: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) testing is not a mandatory procedure. The court uses other evidence of paternity. But if it is impossible to establish the fact, he resorts to the help of experts.

After receiving a positive court decision, it is necessary to issue a certificate of paternity. If by this time the marriage between the parents has broken down, then you should study the question of how to communicate with the baby and what norms exist, we talked about this. This can be done:

a man recognized by the pope;
baby's mother;
another legal representative (relative, guardian caring for the minor);
the child himself, if he has already reached the age of majority.

Hint: a certificate of paternity is the basis for assigning alimony payments in favor of minor offspring, if they are not adopted by another person.

From a legal point of view, an important point is the legislative prohibition on the appointment of an expert examination by the court on its own initiative. In order for the judge to make a decision on the examination, a claim from the plaintiff is necessary. A citizen can include a statement to establish the fact of paternity by conducting a DNA examination:

in the original claim;
submit during the process if other evidence is rejected by the defendant (court).

Important: a man’s DNA paternity test is ordered at the initiative of one of the parties to the process. The court cannot force people to carry it out.

The claim is drawn up in the form described in 131 Code of Civil Procedure. The application form is standardized. The header can be copied by downloading any sample application. But the main requirement to establish the fact of recognition of paternity must be formulated based on the existing evidence base.

The body of the statement is divided into two semantic parts:

Description of the facts on the basis of which the claim is being filed. These must include:
- data of the plaintiff, defendant and minor (all children);
- presence of official registration of relations (if any);
- circumstances allowing paternity to be established through court.
A request to establish the fact, including through an examination.

Documents must be attached to the claim. These include:

copies of identity cards;
baby's birth certificate and other papers.

Let's give a clear example. An application to establish paternity was filed by citizen Ivanushkina A. Before the birth of the newborn, she lived with her husband in a communal apartment. She conceived a child from a neighbor, who, even before the birth, left for the neighboring region. Three years later, her husband died. It was difficult to support the baby on their own and Ivanushkina A. turned to a lawyer with a question about how to establish paternity.

The specialist recommended going to court. As evidence, it is necessary to submit a document stating that the child’s father lived with the plaintiff in the same apartment. This is shown by form 12 or 9. They are issued by the Federal Migration Service. Certificates prove the registration of a citizen at a specific address in the present or past.

In addition, the lawyer explained to the woman what is needed for a genetic examination to establish paternity:

voluntary consent from the father;
court decision.

Technical aspects of the examination

The court makes decisions regarding the analysis of genetic material according to the following rules:

in laboratories that have a state license and accreditation;
mainly those indicated in the application (if the plaintiff did not name the laboratory, then it is selected by the court).

Hint: studies performed by laboratories that do not have documents will not be accepted for consideration.

If the defendant refuses the examination, the court cannot force him to hand over genetic material. Judicial practice shows that refusal is considered as the plaintiff’s right. That is, positive decisions are made in such cases without an examination.

In the assignment to the experts, the court is required to indicate a list of specific questions. They concern the study of hereditary genetic data. Thus, the following tasks are most often formulated:

Confirm that the material provided belongs to a specific person.
Determine the degree of probability that there is a relationship between the citizens who took the tests.

As a rule, the blood of the potential father and the child is tested. Tests are taken in the laboratory in the presence of independent witnesses (witnesses). The tubes are immediately sealed and sent for testing. There are two options for conducting an examination:

blood is taken from two people - a potential father and a child;
An additional analysis is taken from the mother.

For a man to be recognized as a father, the following research result is needed:

99.90% – if there are three samples (man, mother and baby);
99.75% – when studying two analyzes (a man and a potential offspring).

Based on the results of the examination, a certificate is drawn up. The results of the research conducted are included in the document. In addition, in it the experts give unambiguous answers to the questions posed by the court.

Hint: if a man wants to establish paternity, he can turn to experts without a court decision. A positive result is grounds for legal proceedings.

Consequences of recognizing paternity

Most of the processes to recognize a man as pope are initiated by women. This is done in order to obtain help from the father. Recognition as such leads to the emergence of a legal connection between the man and the child: in addition, the child can inherit property from the parent.

To bring paternity information into compliance with the law, it is necessary to make changes to civil registration records. This is done on the initiative of the plaintiff. It is necessary to take the decision of the judicial authority to the registry office and write a statement.

Hint: having received a new birth certificate for your offspring, you can file a claim for alimony (or with another requirement depending on the situation).